Christian Life Education Reflection Paper Essay

Prayer is a way of communication between me and God. It allows me to talk to Him and listen to Him so that I can establish a closer relationship with Him. As I went about my CLE classes, I learned that there were proper ways and intentions that are needed in order to make the most out of prayer, thus I reflected on my prayer life to see if I was praying according to the 4 keys. First, I evaluated Rico’s prayer life since it is by doing this that I can better evaluate my own prayer life. Rico prays to God whenever he needs help like during tests, and he does good deeds in order to make sure that God will answer his prayers. Whenever he doesn’t need Him, he doesn’t set time for prayer since he believes that studying is already a form of prayer. How one sees God affects how he relates to Him. In Rico’s case, he sees God as a vending machine. In vending machines, buyers insert money into the machine and in return, the machine gives the product the buyer desires. Rather than seeing God as a God who loves unconditionally, he sees God as someone who demands that he do good deeds in order for Him to grant the petitions of Rico. Rico promises God to stop cursing, to stop backstabbing and goes to mass whenever there are tests because he believes that God demand he does these good deeds so He will answer Rico’s prayer. Just like a ve nding machine, Rico believes he needs to give â€Å"money† or good deeds in return for the â€Å"product† or petition he wants. Ideally one should see God as an unconditional lover, who loves us despite flaws, since this allows the person to approach God with trust, honesty and love, making the relationship more real and genuine. Instead, Rico doesn’t believe in God’s unconditional love since he chooses to do good deeds to please love and make God love him. In reality, we shouldn’t do good to receive God’ love but we should be open to God’s unconditional love, which will then motivate and transform us to do good. How one sees himself also affects the way he relates with God in prayer since how we see ourselves shapes how we think others see ourselves. If we see ourselves as lovable, we will be open and honest since we know that the other person will love us the way we are. If we see ourselves as unlovable, we will be false and unreal since we will probably hide our true self to make others like us more. Rico’s image of himself is a mixture of both. He sees himself as lovable by God only when he does good deeds and  religious acts. He does these acts to please God and to assure himself that God will answer his prayers since he believes that doing these acts make him lovable by God. Rico doesn’t see himself as lovable when he indifferent towards others and when not doing good deeds. Because of this, he doesn’t find time to pray to God when he doesn’t need help or do good deeds. One assumption is that Rico is ashamed of the cursing, backstabbing and other bad deeds he has done, so he distances himself from God because he feels unworthy of his love. He only prays to God when he promises to do good deeds, so he probably thinks he is not worth listening to by God unless he does good. This will have a negative effect on his relationship with God since he chooses to distance his messy self from God rather than pray to God to improve their relationship because he feels unworthy due to his flaws and doesn’t think that God has unconditional love for him. Instead of all the prayer time he could have spent with God, he misses out on it because of his wrong perception of God and himself. Reading Rico’s sample prayer, I’m not entirely sure if he is honest with God. He appears to be buttering God up so that God will grant his petitions. He tells God he promises to stop cursing and backstabbing, yet he goes back to his indifferent ways during regular school days. For me, it doesn’t seem that he seems sincere in what he is saying, so his relationship cannot progress and remains shallow. He should focus more on expressing what he really feels in order to break down barriers with God and in order to make the relationship with God more real and intimate. Rico also has a hard time integrating prayer with daily life. Rather than making everyday an opportunity to pray to God, he only prays to God when he needs him. This is similar to a relationship with a doctor, wherein one goes to the doctor for his services only without establishing a personal relationship with him. Rico only goes to God when he needs something and doesn’t attempt to establish a personal relationship with him. Occupational prayer is about recognizing God’s presence in daily tasks, but Rico doesn’t do so since he only seeks God when he needs him. Other than those times, he studies and remains indifferent towards others, thus he doesn’t recognize God’s presence unless he needs Him. Spousal prayer is resting from work in order to be totally available to God. â€Å"My work is my prayer† is not an  excuse since we all need to spend at least 15 to 20 minutes everyday to talk to God alone, which will deepen our relationship with him and make occupational prayer more meaningful. Rico is â€Å"busy† and believes that studying is a form of prayer, thus he doesn’t make time daily for spousal prayer, which prevents him from deepening his relationship with God. Rico doesn’t listen to God often during prayer. Prayer is irrelevan t when one dominates the stage and keeps talking and asking for favors from God. Prayer becomes relevant when we use it to listen to God in order to discover what he wants us to do. Often times, what God has to say to us is more important that what we have to say to him, so we must be selfless enough to give him the stage and reflective enough to learn his message. In Rico’s case, he always dominates the stage by praying only to ask for petitions. He doesn’t listen to what God wants of him and only prays for his own personal intentions rather than praying to improve his relationship with God. Rico needs to become more selfless and put what God’s trying to say over what he’s going to say. By listening along with talking to God, prayer becomes a two-way communication, which allows his relationship to flourish with God.

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to take methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil) and by heating it under reflux with NaOH as a solvent, and then cooling the mixture with H2SO4 as another solvent, synthesize salicylic acid. The final step involves purify the product to produce as pure a sample of salicylic acid as possible. This process allowed for the successful production of 1. 406g salicylic acid, an 82. 70% yield. The NMR and IR both produced images that correlate with the known spectrums indicating a pure product.The melting point range was slightly wider, though did encompass the accepted melting point values. Discussion: Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH O OH 1. 595 ml methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide by heating it under reflux. The sodium ions knock the methyl group from the methyl salicylate due to the greater attraction between the sodium cation and the slightly negative charge on the oxygen comp ared to the O-CH3 bond that had previously existed. This reaction produces disodium salicylic acid, methyl hydroxide and water molecules.The sodium crystals that form are visible as the white particulate matter seen as soon as the two chemicals are mixed. Heating of the substance under reflux increased the reaction rate as did the use of the solvent to increase the frequency of molecules being ripped off the original substance and sucking them into their new molecular formations. At this point the wintergreen smell has disappeared from the mixture indicating a rapid decline in the amount of methyl salicylate present in the reaction. When the sulfuric acid (pH ~. ) is added to the disodium salicylic acid (pH ~5-6), the two sodium atoms are replaced by hydrogen atoms creating salicylic acid and sodium sulfate and lower the pH of the solution to 2. The sodium cations are now more attracted to the slightly negative charge on the two oxygen anions on the SO42- ions than to the disodium s alicylic acid and the hydrogens take their place. The ice bath kept the temperature low enough that the salicylic acid remained solid and the sulfuric acid components liquid, allowing for a final product with the most purity possible.Determining limiting reagent: 1. 595 ? 15. 0 ? Amount of methyl salicylate used: 1 Amount of sodium hydroxide: 2. 13 g 1. 174 Theoretical yield: Actual yield: 1. 406 g Percent yield = 1. 873 ? 1. 406 ? 1. 700 Melting point range of purified product 150-162Â °C Mixed melting point range with salicylic acid: 153-160Â °C The melting point range of the synthetic salicylic acid includes the textbook value of 159Â °C.Although a greater variance was seen with the synthetic salicylic acid melting point range (range=12Â °C) versus the provided salicylic acid (range=7Â °C), the full range of the provided salicylic acid fell within the range of the synthetic salicylic acid, indicating a relatively pure product. It should be noted that optimally t he melting point range should be slightly narrower. Loss of product occurred due to loss at each transfer step including, crystals stuck to the vacuum filter, crystals sticking to the glass stir rod for pH testing as well as the metal spatula used for recrystallization.While washing the crystals, some loss would also be seen due to the slight solubility of salicylic acid. I R: 10 0 = 8 2. 7 0% (138. 1 / ) = 1. 700 (152. 1 / ) 1 = 31. 95 NaOH = 1. 873 ***limiting reagent*** PE A K # 1 2 3 4 5 POSITION (cm-1) 748. 245 1204. 33 1654. 62 2850. 27 3235. 00 BOND (MODE) C-H bend (aromatic) C-O stretch C=O stretch O-H stretch (carboxylic) O-H stretch (on phenol) ASSIGNMENT 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 NMR Chemical Shift (ppm) 10. 5 8. 0 7. 5 6. 9 Integration 2 1 1 2 Multiplicity/splitting Singlet Doublet Triplet Triplet Assignment 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 4 2 1 NMR Discussion: Assignment 1: The singlet peak is located at 10. 5 ppm and is assigned to the hydrogens bonded to the two single bonded oxygens. These two can share this single peak because the hydrogens are constantly swapping places with each other due to their position within the molecular structure and if the NMR was magnified, two peaks could be seen.Assignment 2: The peak located at 8. 0 ppm is a doublet peak assigned to the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the carboxylic group. It is shifted . 5-. 6 ppm downfield of where hydrogens on a benzene ring would normally appear due to de-shielding by the nearby carboxyl group. Assignment 3: The 7. 5 ppm triplet peak is indicative of the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the phenol group, again due to de-shielding by the nearby phenol group.The extra peak is likely due to the interaction of the O-H bond with the C-H bond. Assignment 4: 6. 9 ppm has a triplet peak and is assigned to the two remaining C-H bonds on the aromatic ring. Conclusion: The final product was created by taking advantage of the electron affinity a nd nucleophilic properties of the chemicals and especially the solvents to create transition states to allow for a faster, more stable reaction. Heating of the substance under reflux also increased the reaction rate.The melting point range contains the textbook value of salicylic acid and the IR and NMR matches the known IR/NMR for salicylic acid. This supports the purity of the substance created. The absence of the wintergreen scent indicates an absence of the methyl salicylate. After completion of this experimental process, 1. 406 g of salicylic acid was created from the initial 1. 595 g methyl salicylate which equates to an 82. 70% yield, a successful result.

Effective Communication and Employee Performance Essay

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of business communication on organizational performance in organizations. In business, message is conveyed through various channels of communication, including internet, print (publication), radio, television, etc. Whether or not significant change(s) results in the performance of an organization as a result of business communication is yet to be established. This study, therefore, is carried out to investigate the relationship between business communication and organizational performance in organizations using a contextualized and literature based research instrument to measure the application of the investigated â€Å"constructs†. Using the survey method, the study would obtain sample data from 100 small and large manufacturing and service companies. The research instrument would show encouraging evidence of reliability and validity. Data would be analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentages and t- test analysis. The study is to find out that effective business communication is emphasized to a reasonable extent in surveyed organizations. However, the ‘level of emphasize’ is a question of degree. It would also find out the extent of practices of effective business communication, which is related to the category of business (service versus manufacturing) and its size. The research findings would be limited to some extent by the confounding effect of variations within and between industry types of firm and industry sectors, and the use of respondents’ own-assessments of performance. The yet to be established research would be beyond the usual context of developed western economies, and thereby, potentially contains some lessons for practitioners and researchers in other developing countries. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The enhancement of effective organizational performance largely depends on the manner and way information is transferred and received among members of the organization. Nations communicate among each other through trade, fox relieve in times of natural disaster. Nations disseminate information on political, economic and social issues whiles effective communication has boost the performance of employees tremendously in modern organizations. However, the challenges that organization face in transmitting their information and messages has greatly affected the performance of some organizations in the country. As the ‘live-blood’ of the organization, communication is expected to be clear and brief but comprehensive. This has not been so in many organizations. Therefore impedes on the overall output of the organization in the country. It is rightly said that thaw success of an organization is dependent on the transparency between the team members and clear understanding of ideas between them. Communication is very vital element in business management. Communication is the means by which people in exchange information. According to Chester Barnard, communication is the means by which people are linked together in an organization to achieve a common purpose. The role of the effective communication on performance of an organization starts from the day an employee joins the firm to the time he or she leaves the firm. It is the prime responsibility of the Human Resource department to clearly inform employees the rules and policies of the organization for them to perform well. It is therefore important that the details, and the important deadlines; must be made clear to members concern in an organization to expect better performance. PROBLEM STATEMENT Communication contributes effectively towards the organizational success. This is only done when it is used to perform its key functions of controlling, motivating, emotional expressions and decision making. In organizations, miscommunication is inevitable. Ineffective communication clearly affects a company’s performance leading to a drop in share price. Moreover, effective communication is critical for employee motivation and job satisfaction (kinicki and kreitner 2006) When communication is not effective, the end result is an increase in production time and a decrease in the bottom line. In order to avoid this outcome, effective communication must be in place. (Joey, 2002) Poor communication in workplace is a serious problem and can be costly to an organization. The impact can be devastating to the parties involved. Some of the results include: †¢Loss of business, customers, products, goods and services †¢High employee turnover †¢Loss of productivity, absenteeism, sabotage, injury and accidents, snick leaves etc. This study therefore seeks to identify the impact of ineffective communication on organizational performance and possible ways to address them. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of the study is to explore the implication of ineffective communication on organizations and how to address them. One of the purpose for studying effective communication and organizational performance is to aid in the planning of the organizational activities. Also, find suitable solutions to curb the challenges facing the organizations. In addition to the above, the study would help business organizations to identify specific goals and as it were make sure that the goals are notwithstanding, develop an effective communication strategy for meeting those goals and verifying that the proposed strategy actually matches the laid down goals. OBJECTIVES The study seeks to look at; †¢The nature of communication and organizational performance. †¢Explore the factors responsible for the challenges of effective communication on organizational performance. †¢Find out the implication of ineffective communicational performance †¢The strategies that can be adopted to address the challenges of ineffective e communication organizational performance. RESEARCH QUESTIONS †¢What is the nature of the challenges in communication on organizational performance? †¢What factors are responsible for the challenges of effective communication on organizational performance? †¢What are the implications of ineffective communication on organizational performance? †¢What are the measures that can be used to address the challenges? KEY TERMS †¢Communication †¢Organization †¢Performance Communication This is activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior. Also, it can be defined as the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver which is intended to make a meaning. ORGANIZATION It is the process of identifying and grouping thee work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work effectively in accomplishing objectives. It is the process of diving work into convenient tasks or duties in the form of-posts, of delegating authority to each post, and of appointing qualified staff to be responsible that the work is carried out as planned. PERFORMANCE It is the process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to achieved and how is to achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success (Weiss & Haryle, 1997). Performance is an iterative process of goal-setting, communication, observation and evaluation to support, retain and develop exceptional employees for organizational success. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH Chapter 1: The first chapter of the research talks about the introduction. The introduction involves background of the study, problem statement, aims and objectives, research questions, purpose of study, significance of study, scope of study, operational definition, structure of research and finally the Gant chart. Chapter 2: The chapter 2 also entails the reviewing of literature. The literature review covers the introduction, business communication, role and functions of communication, communication levels, and direction of communication, grapevine communication, communication channels, and barriers both emotional and interpersonal, effects of communication, employee morale and motivation. Chapter 3: Chapter three involves the research methodology. This chapter involves the introduction, research design, and target population, sampling and sampling and sampling technique, data collection procedure, data analysis. Chapter 4: The fourth chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of data. It’s introduction, questionnaire return rate, discussion of findings. Chapter 5: It treats the discussion of results. It’s introduction, summary, conclusion, references, appendices

Describe the everyday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe the everyday life - Essay Example Unconscious emotions may be fully understood in the context of mood swings. Most people may wake up in a bad mood or good mood, but they may find it hard to articulate and pinpoint the root source of the happiness (Wyer, 2014, p. 38). Human beings pass judgment on other people through thin-slicing. Thin slicing is a phenomenon by which human beings tend to judge others with limited information such as the first impression due to previous experiences of a similar nature. Henri Lefebvre’s works focus on describing and bringing a terse meaning of everyday life through introducing concepts such as â€Å"social space† and the â€Å"right to the city.† In his book, â€Å"Le Droit à   la ville† he discusses dwells on the concepts, where he proposes reforms that will improve everyday life for the betterment of the society (Lefebvre, 2002, p 19). Conclusively, Lefebvre’s theory insinuates that through the betterment of cities and urban centers, everyday life will improve and inflicting happiness among people. However, some of these unconscious actions maybe as a result of deliberate learning and thereafter become automotive due to repetitive undertakings by human beings. Most people show more care in the initial phase after a driving course. However, a person may be more at ease after some time and may subconsciously engage in other activities while driving (Bargh, 2013, p.

Case study (enron case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study (enron case) - Essay Example These should be in the form of compliance officers or corporate ethical committees that oversee the ethical conduct in the company. Portraying myself in the role of the fictional executive, I find that I face a dilemma in terms of whether I should report the instance of unethical behavior or keep it to myself. Considering the fact that I came across a conversation between senior executives regarding unethical behavior, I have to face up to the fact that I need to take a stand on whether I betray their confidence and blow the whistle or keep quiet and let the other employees of the company suffer along with the shareholders. This dilemma is compounded by the fact that I know for certain that unethical business practices are being followed at the very top and that I cannot remain mute and at the same time, I do not have the right channels to report the behavior. In this paper, I discuss the course of action that I should undertake with reference to various theories of moral behavior as well as provide explanations for the scenarios of whether I should report and why and whether I should not report and why. There are issues of conflict of interest in both the scenarios. If I chose not to blow the whistle, I might be doing so because I stand to benefit from the stock options that have been offered to me. If I chose to disclose, I might end up comprising my fellow executives as well as my own position in the process. Of course, the conflict of interest in not blowing the whistle is greater than the other scenario. With regards to Kantian moral theory, the best course of action would be to blow the whistle on the wrong doing that is going on in the company. Kantian theory states that one should do the right thing irrespective of the consequences. Hence, the right thing to do in this case would be to complain either to the top management

Philosophy - Categorical Imperative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy - Categorical Imperative - Essay Example So what is a ‘mere’ means? Is there a line, and when might we cross that line between a ‘legitimate’ means and ‘mere’ means? Let’s consider the workplace. It is quite clear that slavery is using someone as a mere means. Holding someone captive and working to another’s ends is certainly using him or her as a mere means. Slavery is one extreme. One might say that at the other extreme is the self-employed person who determines his or her own ends and purposes, who decides when and how much to work and at what projects. In between these two extremes are a vast number of different types of work situations. Kant says we use people as ‘mere’ means when we determine their ends and purposes for them. Would involving the worker more in the decision-making process of work transform using them as a ‘mere’ means to using them as a ‘legitimate’ means? Have you ever worked or are you working now for minimum wage? At the time of this writing, minimum wage in America is about $5.35 per hour, in other words, $856 per month, and $9844 per year (with small variations in some states). Is the kind of life the wage could provide for the worker a relevant matter in determining a case of ‘mere’ means? Does raising someone’s salary or giving them a Christmas bonus transform using them as a ‘mere’ means into using them as a ‘legitimate’ means? If yes, is there a salary level at which this transformation takes place? Think about the working conditions for many people earning a wage. It seems that some of the most repugnant jobs are actually the ones paid the least—standing over a hot, greasy French fry station, hard manual labor, cleaning up others’ waste, etc. Is the degree that a job is repugnant a meaningful determinant for ‘mere’ means? If poorly paid repugnant work is one of ‘mere’ means, and if we raise the wage for repugnant

Stop-and-Search Rights Unveiled Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stop-and-Search Rights Unveiled - Essay Example Merseyside Police Authority says the decrease compared to the previous year is reflective of the fact that stop and search powers are used more selectively and consistently in line with force policy. The arrest rate rose from 10.9% to 14.6%. Publication Information: Article Title: Stop-and-Search Rights Unveiled; Officers Can Be Asked for Written Record. Newspaper Title: Daily Post. Publication Date: March 22, 2005. Page Number: 2. COPYRIGHT 2005 MGN Ltd.; COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group He also aims to increase the current 33 policemen and women from ethnic minorities in a force of 2,973 officers, at the same time as working with multicultural communities of Cardiff and Swansea to the valleys of south Wales. Here he tells the Welsh Mirror of the challenges facing him in his new job.I'm very excited. It's something new for myself and also for the force. I've enjoyed working with the police when I was director of the rural race equality project in the south-west of England. They will have needs which are unique to those living in rural communities. The approach in the country will have to be different because the issues in rural areas will be different to the ones in Cardiff and Swansea. Publication Information: Article Title: My Fight to Bring Equality and Race Harmony to ... There were a total of 47,106 stop and searches on Merseyside between April 2002 and March 2003. Stops started being recorded in Sefton under the new guidelines, known as Recommendation 61, on April 1, 2003. There were 19,601 stop and searches recorded between April 2003 and March 2004. Merseyside Police Authority says the decrease compared to the previous year is reflective of the fact that stop and search powers are used more selectively and consistently in line with force policy. The arrest rate rose from 10.9% to 14.6%. The new system will mean some extra costs, as yet undisclosed for Merseyside Police -1- Questia Media America, Inc. www.questia.com Publication Information: Article Title: Stop-and-Search Rights Unveiled; Officers Can Be Asked for Written Record. Newspaper Title: Daily Post. Publication Date: March 22, 2005. Page Number: 2. COPYRIGHT 2005 MGN Ltd.; COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group My Fight to Bring Equality and Race Harmony to Wales; UNIQUE ROLE FOR NEW MAN. by Nick Servini WALES'S biggest police force has named Mohammed Dhalech as its new race advisor - the only one outside London's Metropolitan Police. South Wales Police is the first force to take the lead set by the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry report. Mohammed will deal with ethnic minorities - as well as help stamp out race within the force. His role is to give expert advice to Chief Constable Tony Burden and senior officers when they deal with race-related crimes. He also aims to increase the current 33 policemen and women from ethnic minorities in a force of 2,973 officers, at the same time as working with multicultural communities of Cardiff and Swansea to the valleys

Movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Movie Review Example It was considered to be the biggest spill in the history of the United States. Despite of its devastating effects, the media had paid little attention to it and many do not know about the tragedy. The movie caught the attention of the reviewer because of its disturbing content. It was really dangerous to have millions of gallons of water to contain uranium which is an active element. Once exposed to it, mutations and illnesses come upon the organisms and some even die quickly. If it would happen again in other parts of the world, the people in that locality may not be prepared so it is very important to actually have the movie to be disseminated to inform people about the dangers of nuclear energy and its possible leakage. Having documentary films like The River that Harms is necessary to increase the awareness of the public about the importance of safety and environment. After all, once such kind of danger occurs, many will be

The Thorns of Becketts Endgame in modern or post-modern period Essay

The Thorns of Becketts Endgame in modern or post-modern period - Essay Example   This essay discusses that a play is a world where a playwright relies on the reenactment of the interconnections between and among the thematic content, form, and function. One type of form and function is deliberately chosen to strengthen and explain one specific theme chosen by the dramatist. Beckett’s application of symbolic characters and tedious sequential development triumphs in reinforcing the senselessness of life, death, loss of faith, helplessness, and horror which come together to depict the status of contemporary humankind in a world imperiled by nuclear warfare.    To discuss the language usage first, Beckett makes use of repetitive conversations and hollow clichà ©s to demonstrate the breakdown of communication. The miseries of every person are contained within himself and his effort to express them fails severely. Individuals cannot understand each other accurately and the effect of terror and the vicious activities of humankind are revolting. Beckett, th rough the exploitation of minimal language, expresses the incapability to communicate expressively. Numerous of the expressions made use of the characters denote extinction, death, lack of mobility and humorous events in the contemporary world.    The play’s setting is a sealed room representing the incapability of the contemporary individual to move without restraint. The characters are bonded to particular things. They are handicapped and reliant upon other people for their actions or movement. It is a representation of the captivity of modern humanity.  

Relate the theme the american dream to death of a salesman and arthur Research Paper

Relate the theme the american dream to death of a salesman and arthur miller's life - Research Paper Example The play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller encapsulates within its tight-lipped plot, fall of a myth pertaining to American Dream and its vision that â€Å"success is obtained by being well-liked†. The essay intends to perceive and examine the theme of American Dream and its failure closely woven within the plot of the play that sets challenges to the capitalistic concepts and desires of new America. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th in the year of 1915 and expired on 10th February 2005. He was an eminent playwright and essayist from America. He was a very poignant figure in the American theatre and composed many important socio-political plays like â€Å"All My Sons (1947)†, â€Å"Death of a Salesman (1949)†, â€Å"The Crucible (1953)†, â€Å"A View from the Bridge (1955)† among others. Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† is acclaimed as the first great American tragedy and while projecting it, Miller gained name for the American to understand the true essence of the nation and its tragedy. As a university graduate, he witnessed the hollow pursuit of the good life entwined with the American Dream in the society of America. The disillusioned socio-economic perspective and dystopia led Miller to compose the play, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† which was only possible for a person like Miller who came up from the mundane and meagre streets of Harlem in New York and was able to witness the unveiled mask of American Dream. The concept of American Dream operates at the national level in United States which includes a promise of freedom, possibility of prosperity and freedom and success. The definition of American Dream contended by James Torso Adams in the year 1931 was envisaged as â€Å"life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement† irrespective of social class or background. With this glittering vision in life, people of America started reconstructing their nation and society in the post-war period with immense faith on their destiny more than their hard-work or potentials. American Dream got concentrated on being rich overnight and the parameter for the pursuit of happiness got captivated to the scale of owing big house, glamorous cars and all the comfort which consumerism and materialism can bring to their citizens. This led to the death of spirituality and made every citizen hollow where the potentials of every American were being judged with their skilled salesmanship and not with their courage or hard-work. Soon, it became the society of the salesman whose only goal became selling commodities to earn profit and ceasing to be a man; every American is soon seen putting a mask of fraud and the ability to sell the commodities regardless of its intrinsic uselessness. â€Å"Death of a Salesman†: American Dream Realized or Shattered During the fall of the values associated with the A merican Dreams, many writers in their work captivated the concept with its shattering image. Arthur Miller is not an exception in this regard. He envisioned the dark side of the American Dream and in the year 1949, Miller yielded one of his finest plays which captivate the shattering of the American Dream in the post-war period. The tragedy is presented as the democratization of classical form of tragedy

London Residential Property Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

London Residential Property Market - Assignment Example It affects almost our entire lives, from the quality of our lives, our health and well-being; it determines not only our choice of transportation means but also our choice of work, and status (Baker 2003). Housing also affects our economic wellbeing, family structure, choice of friends and status in the society. It is with no wonder that, Abraham Maslow classified it under basic need of shelter in his social pyramid. Most often, investors see valuation as the first step toward intelligent investing. It has been argued (e.g. Penman 2003) that an investor can make informed decisions about where to invest once the value of shares are determine based upon the fundamentals. This is so because, without this value investors can either buy high or sell low. Investors who trade on these stocks are often forced to ask themselves whether they are buying or selling at the right price. (Penman, 2003). In the face of this situation and their quest for an alternate answer, investors turn to various media including internet chat rooms, printed press, "talking heads" on television. ). In addition, investors consult investment analysts who provide an almost endless stream of information and recommendations to sort out. There are often claims that some shares are undervalued and vice versa. (Penman, 2003). Against this background, the aim of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the United Kingdom London residential markets so as to enable investors make informed decisions as to a buy, a hold or sell decision. The next section provides an overview of the London residential markets. 1.1.2 Overview of the London Residential Market Property prices in United States, the US began falling in 2005 making sub-prime mortgage loans more risky as the borrowers are normally expected to exercise their options to default. Consequently, the US subprime mortgage market is suffering from foreclosures arising from falling real estate prices and borrowers exercising their options to default. (Schumer and Maloney, 2007). Investment banks such as Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and CitiGroup all fortune 500 companies have witnessed significant declines in profits, share prices and are planning to lay off workers as a result of the sub-prime crises. (Ellis, 2007). With regard to the United Kingdom UK particularly London, large empirical literature examined the determinants of the two booms experienced by home prices in the early 1970s and the 80s. Findings from these studies provide tentative evidence in support of the view that speculation on expected future house prices must have been an important force driving actual house prices (Muellbauer & Murphy 1997). Concerns over an ongoing house price bubble in the UK have been repeatedly raised by both the press and policy makers. Over the last thirty years, UK house prices have risen in real terms by around 2 % a year and according to HM Treasury (2003) report this stands in contrast to other European countries such as Sweden, France, and Germany where real house prices have decline or remain

Global Warming Affects Biodiversity Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Affects Biodiversity Essay There has always been a link between climate change and biodiversity. As the climate changes, the animals in the affected areas have to either adjust or leave. Although climate changes have been occurring throughout history, the rapid climate changes of today are resulting in species not being able to adapt quickly enough and undergoing species loss. Some species may adapt well to the climate changes such as an increase in bugs and pests, but others, such as Arctic animals are being forced away from their homes as the glaciers that they live on melt and break away. The Arctic and areas that are in higher latitudes have a higher rate of warming and this pattern is expected to continue as climates everywhere changes and temperatures go up. As Earth warms up, the glaciers in the Arctic start to melt, and species such as the polar bear and the arctic fox that depend on the sea ice, will start to disappear and only be available for viewing in places such as zoos. The polar bear and the arctic fox are not just the only species that will be affected. The fish, birds, marine mammals, and even the algae that grows on the undersides of the glaciers will be severely impacted as the ice melts and eventually disappears all together. The climate changes do strictly impact the Arctic, but the whole world. As ice melts in the Arctic, the temperature in seas and oceans change and the salt levels change which affects the reproduction of marine species. Once this happens, Alaskan fish will be a delicacy only available for the rich and special. Also once the all the sea ice melts, the water levels will rise and much of the land bordering oceans and seas will be covered and people will be forced to relocate and adjust, just like the Arctic animals. The change in ecosystems all over the world will result in loss of food sources, jobs, natural resources, and some natural pharmaceutical products. Rising temperatures will also affect the health of humans by exposing them to more forms of disease. Cold temperatures help regulate and control the spreading of many diseases. Diseases such as malaria are likely to spread because mosquitos will not die during the winter because temperatures are slightly lower than they are in summer. Parasites that originate from sub-tropical environments may migrate to more moderate biomes and reproduce and attack there.

The House of the Spirits

The House of the Spirits How is humour used to unravel the natures of the main characters and why is it used for the main theme of social injustice in Isabel Allendes The House of the Spirits and Ferdinand Oyonos Houseboy? Humour is defined as writings and other material created to make people laugh[1]. It has been used to grasp the attention of the readers, with its main purpose being to entertain. In both The House of the Spirits and Houseboy, humour has been used from the very beginnings of the novel to really acquire the concentration of the readers and keep them captivated.   Besides than adding vibrancy to the characters, humour might also serve to highlight key underlying themes in the literary work. The focus of this essay will be on how the writers have utilised humour to reveal the nature of the main characters, either by describing their characters actions in an amusing way or how their risibility provides indirect insights into how they perceive the world around them. It shall also address why writers incorporate this literary technique with main theme of social injustice in their works. In both the texts above, the writers have used humour from the very beginning whilst introducing their main characters; this usage engrosses the reader to develop interest in the character. The House of the Spirits begins with a dramatic opening in a church deliverance. Perhaps, why Allende chose to start the novel setting in a church could be to emphasize the importance of religion to the people of that particular region , but the bathos comes by an abrupt statement   by Clara: the voice of little Clara was heard in all its purity psst! Father Restrapo! If that story about hell is a lie, were all fucked, arent we The reader surely didnt expect to hear such a statement from a 10 year old girl. This shows us that Clara is very bold and forthright about her views as she is able to question what she is being taught in the church about hell. Many people simply believe everything they are taught through religion but certainly not Clara.  Ã‚   The language itself is very amusing besides the context. psst! the use of this onomatopoeia shows the disrespect for the Father as it undermines his status by   mocking him during a sermon. The highly inappropriate use of the word fucked in front of the public shocks everyone. This radical, carefree nature of hers is what brings about the humour in this piece thus it serves to be a very pertinent introduction to Clara and sets the platform for the reader to expect more unusual doings throughout the novel. Like Allende, Oyono introduces Toundi with humour. Toundi narrates of how he is proud to read and write and wants to copy the whites man custom of keeping a diary. This tells us that young Toundi is naive and filled with desire of learning a lot about the white men .The joy he gets by being literate tells us that this character is filled with promise in the future and determination. He is also revealed to be mischievous child as he had been making fun of father Gilbert but he is nonetheless the main character which undergoes metamorphosis over the course of the story. Thus humour has been successfully used to reveal the character traits, make them more colourful, interesting, lively and keep the reader engaged actively. Claras character in The House of the Spirits has been revealed further in the novel as the story progresses in various occasions, the humour usually comes out when she does something unusual and also to note is the fact that her strangeness was an attribute of her character: she is a telekinetic; is rarely attentive; she can predict futures, read dreams, and, lives a very introvert life but still she amalgamates the family together, and is extremely caring for others. The humorous bits of kinesthetic abilities, being rarely attentive (which itself is ironic as discussed later) are the key to understanding Claras character. When Esteban is shouting at Clara.Clara let him scream his head off and bang on the furniture until he was exhausted. Then inattentive as ever, she asked him if he knew how to wiggle his ears. Clara is being scolded by her husband and all she is concerned is whether he can wiggle his ears. This shows us Claras absent mindedness and care-free nature. It also serves to show us how Clara prohibits anyone from forcing her by offering resistance by being inattentive. She will never directly express her disgust but rather suppress it in a subtle manner. This shows us that her character is refined in the sense she does not have a strong body language or rebellious nature but still is very firm by not allowing herself to be oppressed even by her husband.. Again humour has been used to reveal her character trait. On the other hand, Toundi further reveals his character further when he first came to meet Father Gilbert. The Father would use to come to the village and toss little lumps of sugar like throwing corn to chicken. The use of little lumps of sugar, though is humorous, it also indicates how easily native Cameroonian people were converted to Christians in the hope of a better life, but later most of them would remain in poverty or be killed. Here humour has been juxtaposed with social injustice but to imply it in a more subtle way so as not to make the reader very sad with emotions. Toundi continues to describe how he too would fight for these lumps of sugar- and this tells us that Toundi is a boisterous kid who did not shy away from what he didnt like- but unlike Clara in The House of the Spirits ,he is willing to fight for it. It also reinforces the point made earlier about what allure white men especially Father Gilbert held for Toundi.

The American Corrections System Criminology Essay

The American Corrections System Criminology Essay In the organizational structure of the American Correctional System, the Department of justice has the overall mandate of overseeing the operations of the whole system. The next in rank is the governor who supervises the correctional facilitys activities. Four directors supervise legislative affairs, quality assurance, public communications, information, and the medical docket. From the directors is the support administration that oversees matters regarding community development, field operations, correctional facilities administration and operations support administration. Under these administrators, there are officers who deal with parole, operations, research and the planning of human resources. These officers also deal with issues regarding money, security, health care and the general welfare of inmates. Correctional management has a wide range of issues and implementations in Americas criminal justice system. The initial and principal part of correctional management involves issues concerning the safety and security of offenders and its staff. In General, the management within these institutions has to declare what it deems to be safe versus what is not. Formulation of rules and policies occurs every other time an ugly incident occurs, immediately changing existing policies. Correctional administration may put into operation policies that may make the survival of inmates to be almost unbearable. Another element of correctional administration is health care, which at times can be very controversial and pose many compilations. Within a prison setting, officers have the responsibility of ensuring that all offenders receive proper medical attention. Some prisons around the country have their own medical facilities as others get charged fees to take their prisoners to a hospital. One of the most important concerns of correctional administration is rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is a broad subject that faces rehabilitating habitual offenders, drug users as well as other offenders with mental issues. Correctional institutions in collaboration operate these rehabilitation programs with the professional assistance of doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists and other additional medical staff. Everyday, different issues arise within the correctional system, but it is how and where the correctional administration either implements new programs, makes changes to correct controversial issue s or plans to do that matters. Correctional units operate independently with their own administration, budget, committees, assets and support staff. Education and work programs are the two most widely used prison-based forms of correctional programs in American prisons for both adult and juvenile offenders (Ira J. Silverman, 1996). These programs include academic education, vocational counseling, vocational training, substance abuse counseling, organized recreation, mental health counseling, positive peer culture and sex offender treatment. Undoubtedly, the dominance of these treatment programs reveal the steadfast belief that work and educational skills-and the good behavior learned in attaining these skills-are essential to get employment opportunities and also being an industrious citizen. These programs do have a reserved impact in the reduction of post release recidivism according to research carried out Inmates also have access to other forms of education like life-skills training. Prisons maintain these educational programs in the belief that upon release to society, many offenders may not have the sort of basic understanding that is essential to functioning in the American society. Thus, these courses teach diverse skills on how to manage ones finances and property, how to apply and interview for a job, good parenting, securing a drivers license and how to live healthy lives. As a final move in preparing inmates for employment after release from correctional facilities, several prisons offer vocational education. Besides these educational programs that attempt to equip inmates with the necessary skills to live productively in society, other correctional facilities institute counseling/psychological programs aimed at changing the underlying problems that led to the offenders criminality. The most common interventions under this system are drug abuse programs, since according to the records, as many as half of all incarcerated criminals enter prison having at least done drugs a few months prior to their arrest. About half of the prison inmates in both state and federal prisons confess to being on drugs at the time of their crime, for which they were consequently jailed (Maguire, Pastore, Greenfield, 2005). Other institutions have some programs called therapeutic communities-in which they house drug-addicted inmates in separate housing units-referred to as Residential Substance Abuse Treatment, which provides drug treatment to such inmates in the separate units. While in other facilities, inmat es participate in individual or group counseling sessions, but happen to live in the general offender population. Correctional facilities normally provide individual and group counseling, aimed at luring inmates into forfeiting their criminal lifestyle. Cognitive-behavioral treatment modality, a technique of growing appeal is widely used due to its growing support for its successes (David Lester, 2009). Despite coming in different forms, these treatment plans target the criminal attitudes and unlawful ways of thinking which encourage unlawful behavior. This intervention involves counselors acting as role models in an effort to reinforce inmates who portray such conduct. Juveniles get privileges for conforming to set standards. Counselors mainly focus on the aspect of offenders thinking and reasoning by challenging rationalizations encouraging criminal conduct, offenders antisocial behavior, failure to face the mistakes they have committed and trying to externalize blame (D.A. Andrews, 2007). Other groups of inmates who get special services in prison are sex and mentally ill offenders. Commonly, sex offenders receive counseling services at both the individual and group levels. Other special services for sex offenders are diagnostic centers and use of therapeutic communities. While for the mentally ill offenders most receive therapy and counseling while in prison, some are on a prescribed medication, whereas others receive treatment in mental institutions. Another form of correctional programs in these prisons is religious volunteer groups and prison chaplains whose main role is providing counseling to inmates. This type of counseling often goes beyond religious matters and to other issues in the offenders lives. There are various types of faith-based programs found within almost every correctional institution. These support and religious programs involve prayer and meditation sessions, Bible study, worship services and peer mentors (Cullen, 2001). As a common practice, management of inmates is through unit management and direct supervision. These methods create a more secure and safer environment for the staff and inmates, by offering proactive monitoring and built-in surveillance. Unit management divides a correctional facility into smaller and easily manageable housing units. Responsibility and authority is decentralized, which provides the staff with an opportunity to solve directly problems. Correctional officers follow the Corrections Corporation of America philosophy of walking and talking, which involves the officers spending time with and among the inmates, rather than distantly monitoring them or occasionally watching their housing units listening to their needs and making a follow up on inmates concerns so as to quell incidents and disputes before they arise. Through unit management, the facilitys staff becomes aware of collective and individual inmate behavior owing to the direct contact and interaction with the in mates. The officers get to identify behavioral changes among the inmates long before they negatively affect the facilitys security. Use of unit management enables officers to get first-hand insight on inmate activities, ensuring effective monitoring of inmates. Alongside unit management, correctional facilities also use direct supervision to manage inmates with correctional officers housed within the inmate housing units. This enables them to become familiar with a units inmates and their daily operations, communication styles they use and other relevant issues regarding inmates housed there. These officers set and reinforce expectations for inmate behavior and instantly address arising issues at the forefront level. This direct interaction between inmates and officers promotes communication, reduces tension and suppresses possible conflicts between the two groups. Direct supervision Fosters staff collaboration, as unit managers, correctional officers, correctional counselors and case managers handle everyday matters concerning safety and security, inmate cases and sanitation, which helps in streamlining operations in the facilities. When used together, direct supervision and unit management offer important opportunities to create a safer, more secure inmate environment, enhancing facility operations and in providing employees with expanded operational tasks. Inmates and staff interact on a more dependable basis, which enhances effective communication between the two groups. The modern private prison business emerged when the Corrections Corporation of America got a contract to take over a facility in Tennessee. This was the first time that any government had outsourced the complete operation of a prison to a private operator. As of today, private companies in the United States run 264 correctional centres, housing almost 100,000 adult criminals. Prison privatization has several advantages, which have led to the immense growth of private prisons. Private prisons as compared to state prisons are more responsible and accountable due to fear of fines. According to a research conducted on the cost/benefit analysis, results indicated that states could save a considerable amount of cash if they used a shared system of both publicly and privately managed prisons. By using the private sector to manage or build prisons, many states believe they can reduce operational costs. Cost comparisons between government and private operation of prisons shows notable cost savings under private administration. While the average cost to hold a prisoner in a state prison is about $40 a day per inmate, many private prisons charge the government considerably lower fees for the same. By contracting out prison labor and paying the prisoners competitive wages, many private firms are reducing prison costs for the state by withholding income earned for taxes, victims compensation and family support. Such employment also provides prisoners with skills and work experience that prepares them for the job market when released from incarceration (Tewksbury, 2006). Various states consider private construction of prisons as a promising solution to the overcrowding crisis in state prisons. Normally, states finance construction of prisons by issuing general obligation bonds or through cash appropriations. The former creates problems, as it requires voters ratification and control by debt limits, while the latter completely lays the financial load of constructing on the states annual budget. The only alternative is private financing through lease agreements or lease purchasing contracts. This option does not require voter approval neither does it place the costs involved on the annual budget. Under a lease/purchase contract, private firms agree to build a prison only if the state signs a long-term lease for the prison. Prompt payments of rent by the government assist the private companies to fund the construction. When the state fully settles the payment, the debt and finance charges, it takes over control of the facility. The private firms benefit from tax waivers and cash inflow from the lease payments. The state benefits from the quick construction, as debt limit limitations do not apply and voter support is not a requirement (Tewksbury, 2006). Privatization of prisons ensures that only those service providers who offer quality products at a competitive market price will survive the operations of a free market. This aspect of privatization argues that a free market introduces efficiency and discipline through the mechanisms of demand and supply. As more criticisms towards prison privatization become evident, it is obvious that rehabilitation of prisoners is not a concern of the influential, since prisoners in private prisons act as cheap labour. The individuals who own private prisons not only make huge returns from the funds provided by the government to run these prisons, but also make great profits from selling the labour provided by their prisoners. Under the disguise of saving taxpayers money, the trend of privatising prisons has gained momentum, whereas the drawbacks of private prisons are hushed-up. Privatization of prisons is one of the countless ways in which the rich exploit people without their utter knowledge, for their own hidden motives by the public. Private prisons have brought about a huge political and sociological change that most people ignore. Living conditions in the prisons have deteriorated and it is evident that abuse of human rights is becoming rather rampant in these prisons as rising abortion rates, rape, use of psychotropic drugs and failing health care systems become known. It is obviously certain that it is in the interests of private prisons to operate for stricter legislation, so that prisoners stay incarcerated for as long as possible. In addition, it is in their interest that the number of prisoners continues to increase significantly, since the more prisoners there are within these prisons, the more profits they earn. Conversely, health care personnel are losing jobs in privately owned prisons, as the number of health care workers engaged by private prisons is considerably low. The influential individuals take advantage of the over populated state operated prisons to make profits from the privately run prisons. The health care facilities in private prisons are extremely bad, a situation which has led to a dramatic increase in the death rate of prisoners. In a number of private prisons, only basic first aid facilities and over the counter drugs are available to prisoners. Owing to the lack of proper medical attention, countless prisoners have resulted to committing suicide. It is the duty of the state to make sure that there is adequate health care offered to prisoners. In fact, the state pays private prisons for basic healthcare cost to cater for every prisoner. However, this money used by the private prisons owners for their own interests. Actually, the disadvantages of prison privatization outwe igh the advantages by far.

Confucius Curry and a Mountain Dew Essay -- Philosophy

As Americans, we ridicule others based on their selection of clothing. We are snobby because of how much money we make or what we hold as an occupation. We chew with our mouths full of macaroni and curse when the soda machine is out of Pepsi. We could use some manners, or maybe just a reintroduction. Confucius thought is constructed on kindness and propriety, as well as holding the morally virtuous to be the ideal person. This philosophy exceedingly expresses value in benevolence, education, and the treatment of other people, but has hidden innuendos that would knock the petals off any flower child. In this reflection paper, I will dabble with how incorporating Confucius thought and practices would help in some areas of American society, but shun the validity of others. Money Over Everything The definition of the American Dream fluctuates from person to person, but can ultimately lead to a broad basis: With hard work and dedication, one can achieve success. And with success, comes happiness. We strive for happiness. In this journey, most come to understand that a college education is the key to becoming knowledgeable, and knowledge is important in becoming successful. Therefore, going to college can lead to success, right? Not a difficult concept to grasp. With the staggering rates of tuition bills and the dwindle of job availability, it would seem the path to success narrows each day. Those with money to cover these costs aren't usually too worried about their debts, seeing as they could squash them like ants. In America, our education is highly valued, but the value of education is incredibly too high. Confucius was not around for colleges and technical institutions, so the subject matter of his teachings did not include di... ...ring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta  (ed.), URL = . 3.) Dawson, Miles. "Ethics of Confucius." . sacred-texts.com, 10/2007. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 4.) . "Philosophy 312: Oriental Philosophy Main Concepts of Confucianism." Oriental Philosophy. N.p., 09/2000. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 5.) Richey, Jefferey. "Gender and Sexuality." Religion Library: Confucianism. Patheos, 2012. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 6.) Fader, Hallie. "The Chinese Legal Tradition." Rule of Law: The Story of Human Rights in World History. ORIAS, 07/2004. Web. April 17 2012. .

Individual Presentation: Kevin Mitnick :: Computers Technology Kevin Matnick Essays

Individual Presentation: Kevin Mitnick Introduction Originally, I had planned on researching George Lucas as my creative genius. I am in love with the Star Wars saga, but I really could not get interested in George Lucas. Then, late one night, I saw a movie called Takedown. It was based on a true story that dealt with the pursuit and capture of Kevin Mitnick, one of the most infamous computer hackers of all time. I was instantly amazed. As soon as the movie was over, I began scouring the internet looking for information concerning him. I am quite interested in computers, and Mitnick’s mastery of them drew me towards him. I knew then that he was who I wanted to research. His creativity encompasses a wide range of skills. Obviously, his mastery of computer and telephone systems deals with the Mathematical/Logical domain. Also, he is talented at acquiring information from people, which is an intrapersonal skill. Plus, he is strongly self-motivated and that deals with the interpersonal domain. This combination of skills elevated him to be one of the best hackers the world has ever seen. I have a great deal of respect for Kevin Mitnick because he is able to use a computer creatively to acquire whatever he wants to know. In a way, I wish I could be like him. A computer is such a valuable asset, but many times it is not close to being used to its full potential. Kevin Mitnick realized this, and put his computer to maximum usage. However, it is unfortunate that what he did was against the law. Due to this, I really cannot consider him a role model. I have no desire to risk going to jail over a computer-related crime. Even so, there is still a great amount of potential within Mitnick. Since he knows so much about breaking into computers, he could use that knowledge when he gets out of jail to design security systems that would be almost impenetrable. He knows all the tricks of the trade on how to tap into someone’s system. It is this insight that could enable him to design a nearly full-proof security system. Only time will tell what happens with Mi tnick in the future.

The Living Dead of Afghanistan Essays -- Essays Papers

The Living Dead of Afghanistan Travesties are committed against women every day, in every country, in every city, town and home. In Afghanistan women are not only discriminated against, they are publicly reduced to animals. Women are deprived of basic human rights: they are not allowed to travel outside their homes without being completely covered by the traditional shroud-like burqa; they are not allowed to speak or walk loudly in public; they are not allowed to laugh or speak with other women; they are not allowed to attend school nor work; they are expected to be invisible; they are the ghosts of what were once educated, notable, and successful women. With their ruthless and extreme laws, the Taliban have effectively removed the physical presence of women in Afghanistan. The Taliban have stolen the very souls of these women and have turned them into the â€Å"living dead† of Afghanistan. The Taliban’s harsh restrictions and extreme religious laws have tainted the freedoms and basic human rights of the once valued and prominent women of Afghanistan. In 1996, the Taliban took control of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. A report by the U.S. Department of State describes that this takeover was done in a very brutal and violent manner and the Taliban left the proof of their victory hanging in the streets of the city for over a week (par. 2). In Jan Goodwin’s article, Buried Alive, it is written that the men who are in charge of enforcing the laws of the Taliban are called the Department of the Propagation of Virtue and the Suppression of Vice; these men also punish citizens who disobey the laws. The majority of this group is made up of fifteen year old boys carrying machine guns, but also consists of men arme... ...stated in an interview with reporter Jan Goodwin that: â€Å"Our current restrictions are necessary in order to bring the Afghan people under control. We need these restrictions until people learn to obey the government† (par. 48). Women’s lives have changed drastically since the Taliban took control of Afghanistan. They have been deprived of basic human rights and been reduced to faceless figures that roam the streets of Afghanistan like ghosts. Most of the world could never imagine the shock of not being able to go to work or wear your regular clothes, to be deprived of such things would be utterly terrible. The Taliban have tried to smother the flames of these women but they refuse to die they refuse to stop shining. These women are strong and will eventually overcome the oppressive rule and rise up from the ashes from which they have been forced to lay.

Civil Rights Movement 1960s

The Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s Research Task – Report Blake Walker Year 11 Modern History Malcolm X Investigate the life and background of the individual/group Malcolm X was born on the 19th May, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, by the name of Malcolm Little. Malcolm was one of eight children to Louise Norton Little who was an attentive busy housewife. His father, Earl Little who was an abrupt Baptist Minister and was also a strong supporter of Marcus Garvey, leader of the Black Nationalism movement.Whilst growing up he was a focused intelligent individual with determination to pursue a career path in Law, which was frowned upon for African Americans to pursue. In Junior High Malcolm graduated at the top of his class proving his perseverance and strong sense of self and direction, but when one of Malcolm’s favourite teacher’s discouraged him by stating that â€Å"His dream of becoming a lawyer was no realistic goal for a nigger†, Malco lm lost all sense of direction, sending him into a downward spiral eventually resulting in his lack of interest towards education and finally, his departure from school.The death of his father sent him into a further downward spiral which began his questioning into the issues relating to racism due to his father’s death, as the victim of a prejudice White Supremacist group known as the Klu Klux Klan. He then began a life in Boston, Massachusetts where he would work various odd jobs for little money, until he turned to a life of crime where he moved to the slums of New York. Malcolm eventually became a leader of various gambling and prostitution rings as well as a distributor of narcotics. In 1946 Malcolm was arrested and charged with burglary charges and was convicted to 10 years imprisonment.Whilst he was in prison, he decided to further his education and as a result, Malcolm came to a valuable point in his life where he became fascinated by the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, a valued prominent teacher of the Nation of Islam religion. Describe the significance of the individual/group to civil rights issues in the USA Malcolm X was an immensely significant individual to the civil rights movement as Malcolm soon rose to becoming the most prominent national spokesman of the â€Å"Black Power† movement, as he specifically worked to spread he political and religious goals of the Nation of Islam on a wide scale. Malcolm acted as an Inspiration proving that African Americans can rise up from the hardship and deprivation and stand up for what they believe in regardless of how much cruel discrimination and neglection you may receive. Continuously over the years of the movement, he encouraged young African Americans to support the initiative through powerful speaking and his remarkable debating skills which enabled him to succeed in recruiting over 30,000 young African Americans.They were enticed by the ideology that in order to achieve freedom, you have t o fight for it and that was the only way to achieve this. This view amongst African Americans (especially younger generations) was extremely popular. It promised to battle racism directly which to most, many thought this view would achieve the goals of the movement over a shorter time span and would be far more effective than the non violent initiatives used by individuals such as Martin Luther King which proved to become less effective over the years.Many believed that this was the only hope of achieving rights for African Americans and reinforces how Malcolm X played such a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement as he offered hope to the African Americans which were an alternative to the slow, ineffective non violent demonstrations. This provided them with an opportunity to stand up for themselves as individuals and African Americans as a nation, securing a better future for the African American in all areas of life.Outline the individual/groups beliefs and ideas and explai n the forces that shaped their attitudes towards civil rights at this time Due to Malcolm X’s religious beliefs being a devout follower of the Nation of Islam, the teachings of Honourable Elijah Muhammad become the foundation of the Black Nationalist Philosophy and Malcolm’s beliefs, which were reaching supremacy over whites by achieving political and economic power as well as improved working conditions for African Americans.Malcolm X also believed in the goal of achieving a separate state for African Americans through pursuing self-determination (which is an individual’s right to exercise the control they have over their own lives and determine their destiny). Although, the majority of the Islamic scriptures and teachings were non-racist, the Nation of Islam believed in racist teachings depicting that the whites as ‘devils’ who needed to be destroyed to empower Black Rule. Due to this perception of Whites, Malcolm did not want a Nation where the w hite an could interact with the darker man, but he encouraged segregation amongst Americans. In order to contest the brutal uphill battle they were fighting, Malcolm believed African Americans needed to become militant and aggressive action in order to overcome racism, otherwise there was no point fighting because in order to achieve freedom, you have to fight for it. This view was adapted because of the brutality demonstrated against African Americans and it was necessary as a act of self defence, as Malcolm X states: â€Å"I don’t go along with any kind of non violence unless everybody’s going to be non violent.If they make the Ku Klux Klan non-violent, I’ll be non violent. † (Retrospective Year 11 Modern History Pg 140 Source 7. 18 lines 1-2). These beliefs and ideology held by Malcolm X, were derived from the Nation of Islam which varied from other Muslim beliefs and were adapted by Elijah Muhammad to combat the discrimination and improve the conditio ns and rights of the African American individual and due to Malcolm’s stern stringent followings of the religion, Malcolm followed them and endeavoured to spread the beliefs of the religion to whoever was willing to listen.Malcolm’s beliefs towards segregation were shaped by his father’s beliefs which where instilled in Malcolm from a young age. Soon after Malcolm separated from the Nation of Islam, his beliefs changed when he visited Mecca, a city considered by Muslims to be the holiest city of Islam. His views which he stood by so passionately, he found soon became outdated and idealistic, which enabled him to see that regardless of skin complexion, people of all colour could have different opinions and not all whites were against African Americans and their movement.Malcolm began to work with white people who wanted to join his cause of ending discrimination and gaining more rights by helping his newly found organization, Muslim Mosque Inc, that’s purp ose aimed to achieve goals for the Black community. Identify and account for differing historical perspectives and interpretations of the individual/group concerned As do with majority of all prominent historical figures, there are differing historical perspectives and interpretations of Malcolm X and the cause he righteously represented.The differing perspectives of Malcolm X are regarding his methods of demonstrating the goals of the movement which to some communicated different messages, often ignoring the intended message. For many, Malcolm X was seen as a great leader of the Civil Rights Movement with a vision, a remarkable Inspiration that uplifted a nation. To others, Malcolm was a careless renegade who used vicious tactics and some speculate by arguing both. Though it has been exactly 47 years since he drew his last breath at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, Malcolm X’s life and legacy continues to affect many in the Harlem and Columbia Communities. His namesake street , Malcolm X Boulevard, lies at the centre of stores, and homes of West Harlem and he still serves as a cultural anchor and political and moral inspiration with enduring power and direct relevance in modern America and throughout the world† (http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x).This perception given by Emily Neil, a Senior Staff Writer at the Columbia Spectator is a prime example of the positive perceptions held in regards to his courageous decisions standing up for his people which in result have shaped our society today. On the other hand, some argue that Malcolm X was a radical individual whose beliefs were outrageous and sinister due to his militant methods and beliefs regarding supremacy over whites. These perceptions have been outweighed by the result of Malcolm X’s contribution to the Civil Rights Movement.Malcolm X’s general perception in history has led to him being been remembered as one of the greatest and most influential individual ’s of the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans in history. Bibliography Author: Unknown. Year: Unknown, Title: Biography [Internet] Place of Publication: Estate Of Malcolm X, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: http://www. malcolmx. comAvailable From: http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Author: Unknown. Year: 2001, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication:Biography Recourse Centre: Gale Group, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. fricawithin. com Available From: www. africawithin. com/bios/malcolm_x. htm Author: J. D. Scrimgeour. Year: 1997, Title: About Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Oxford Companion to African American Literature, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. africawithin. com Available From: http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/poets/s_z/smith/malcolmx. htm Author: A, Enisuoh. Year: 1993, Title: The Life and Legacy of Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: Online Publications, Accessed: 19th March 2012, Publ isher: http://www. ocialistalternative. org/ Available From: http://www. socialistalternative. org/literature/malcolmx/ Author: E, Neil. Year: 2012, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Columbia Spectator, Accessed: 21st March 2012, Publisher: http://www. columbiaspectator. com Available From: http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x Authors: M, Anderson, A, Low and I,Keese. Year: 2008. Title: Retrospective Year 11 Modern History. Pubisher: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Place of Publication: Queensland. Page Numbers 138 – 140.

Sierra Nevada’s

The Sierra Nevada mint candy throw away stretches crossways the eastmosterly side of the raise of atomic number 20. The operate begins in the south at the Tehachapi draw off near Bakersfield and stretches north to Lake Almanor. The Sierra Nevada honk is cd miles long, north-to-south and has an average width of 70 miles wide. It was formed through subduction when the Pacific abode slid under the North American plate. The range is made up of deeply imbedded pit otherwise known as batholiths.The eastern slope of the jalopys rose upliftedly which become those slopes to be steep while the westward sides are only gradu all(prenominal)y steep only non wish the east 1. Thus the range provided as an beforehand(predicate) barrier to entrance into California and travelers had to go through the various passes to proceed, such as the famous Donner Pass. Although the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which in Spanish means the snowy range, is luster as a whole indisputable mounta ins and peaks throughout the range are more(prenominal) important.The biggest mountain of the whole would be rally Whitney which happens to be the tallest mountain in all of the continental United States. ride Whitney stands at a modest 14,505 feet. It is located safe outside of the town of Lone fade and is an obvious attraction because of its record holding. Therefore, legion(predicate) people are eager to fall into place the highest point in the US so a get across was built on the western slope to allow hikers to chastise the mountain. The main trail is the Mount Whitney trail and it is 21. 3 miles long and can be stainless in a solar day 2.Other trails are also operable but take longer and commonly require overnight stays but do provide more views of the mountain. Mount Whitney is not the only mountain on hand(predicate) to hike in the Sierra Nevadas but is one of the most frequent because of its sheer height. Another significant mountain in the range lies right up the US395 and is called Mammoth weed. Mammoth is actually an fighting(a) volcano and was formed through a series of volcanic eruptions throughout the classs. However, in that respect are not any study eruptions anymore just minor ones.The mountain peaks at 11,059 feet but it contains a coarse move resort that is actually the highest ski resort in California. Mammoth receives 400 plus inches of snow every year and is considered to be one of the best if not the best resort in California 3. Also, located near Mammoth push-down storage is the National monument called the Devils Postpile. It is a natural awe which is columnlike basalt that is created by a lava flow that when late cooled and dried creates what looks like symmetrical posts. in front the site became a monument in 1911, declared by President Taft, it was nearly blown up for the creation of a dam 4. Thankfully, the project was not completed or many set seers would view as not had the opportunity to see this pa inful work of nature. Another spectacular sight in the Sierra Nevada range is the fractional dome at Yosemite National super acid. The agitate which is in the shape of a half(a) dome rests above the Yosemite Valley and is a well known sight a good deal used as a logo such as for the Sierra Club. half(prenominal) noggin was formed by plate where the rock cracks into sheets and then the missing feeling was carried away by the apparent glaciers that formerly filled the valley during the Pleistocene crank Ages 5. However, geologists believe that in that respect was never a full rock and that the current state of the rock is fairly close to what it looked like before the ice age. Nevertheless, Half Dome has dramatic views that hikers enjoy when nearing to the top. The greens rangers are on site at the bottom of the rock from May to October when there are poles and wires attached to the rock to serve well hikers in the 400 foot climb to the top of the rock.Basically, the Sier ras toss numerous attractions as well as awesome views that can accommodate anyone who enjoys be outdoors and appreciates the wonders of nature. Works Cited Devils Postpile National Monument (U. S. National Park Service). U. S. National Park Service Experience Your America. http//www. nps. gov/depo/index. htm (accessed February 20, 2011). Mammoth Mountain traveling and Riding. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area Skiing, Snowboarding, Rentals, Lodging and More. http//www. mammothmountain. om/MountainActivities/WinterActivities/SkiingRiding/ (accessed February 20, 2011). Mount Whitney climb up Mt Whitney. Mount Whitney Climbing Mt Whitney. http//www. mount-whitney. com/climbing_mt_whitney. php (accessed February 20, 2011). Resendes, Mary. Geology of the Sierra Nevadas. Central Sierra historic Society. http//www. sierrahistorical. org/archives/geology. html (accessed February 20, 2011). Yosemite National Park, California. instruction Online MJC Home Page. http//virtual. yosemite. c c. ca. us/ghayes/yosemphot. htm (accessed February 20, 2011).

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Intangible Asset or Liability Essay

CSR requires organizations to wear a broader regard of its responsibilities that includes non further stockh agingers, scarce legion(predicate) se equatingate constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local lodge, local, offer, and federal official g overnments, environmental groups, and opposite finical reside groups. Although CSR is frequently m show uph of as if it were a relatively impertinent concept, it is in concomitant an everyday opinion with a yen pedigree. In the 1950s, the party boss executive director policeman of the Ameri fuel retailer Sears give tongue to that the cardinal parties to every course in the put together of their richness were customers, employees, community and stockh antiquateders. on-line(prenominal) discussions or so CSR bid doddering questions virtu everyy the quad of corporations in association, the expression in which corporations argon governed, and the ways in which in unified organisation arrangements do not shackle corporations to oppose to claims from nightclub, in extension to claims from sh atomic number 18holders. watch CSR is an old imagination, its egression as a creative bodily function-shaking element in affinity to unified decision-making is relatively new. The old idea CSR has been rising slope over the old 10 historic period or so to a grown focalise on the incarnate ag kibosha.The world is witnessing what appears to be a teddy in general views rough the design of duty in cab art that is on a par with major(ip)(ip) rifts in attitude, at other portends in history, to the highest degree astronomical issues much(prenominal) as racial discrimination, the environment, and the spot of women. By the end of that decade, favourite opinion about the contribution of task in golf club had evolved to a point which educeed a general rejection of Friedmans the melodic phrase of byplay is seam dictum.The land for t he shift can be attributed to heterogeneous factors such(prenominal) as globalization, deviation of trust, federation activism, and institutional investor busy in CSR. These trends suggest that on that point is some(prenominal) a exploitation wisdom that corporations moldiness be more accountable to society for their actions, and a growing willingness and capacity in spite of appearance society to mint down duty on corporations. This has labored implications for in bodilyd governance. CSR in IndiaWith the sw solelyow of the state in stinting activity in India, the pressing for job to take up wider tender responsibilities is growing. The attitude is mingled and India is veneer a intensify arrange of incarnate responsibility challenges. At all levels, in that respect is a entangle learn for companies to fine-tune to strategical interventions in CSR, which at lay in some(prenominal) cases conduct ad hoc. at that place are some(prenominal) companies that may spend for commodious development. A sense datum of strategic flush is a racy component part in an strong lift to corporate responsibility.Yet, for all these signs of progress, CSR in India has insofar to fetch its ripe potential. various(prenominal) and collaborative initiatives continue to be dominated by self-assertion quite than accountability. in that location is sure as shooting no miss of CSR programs and projects in India what is absent, however, are eliminate rhythmic pattern for evaluating their echt relate in up affectionate conditions. many Indian bank line houses, cloak-and-dagger do main(prenominal) and public area companies gift undertaken major initiatives money box date and pick up take several(prenominal) modes of put on related to CSR in India. some(prenominal) mod measures boast in addition been adopted by companies towards the institutionalization of CSR that includes CSR initiatives by Lupin, Cipla, Ranbaxy, NIIT, T CS, BPCL, and Ion Exchange. To encounter the authoritative placement of CSR in India, it is burning(prenominal) archetypical to purpose out the landscape painting and differentiate the main families of corporate responsibility. For long-established industrial dynasties, such as the Birlas and the Tatas, concepts of nation- create and trust territory take in been quick in their trading operations long ahead CSR fix a prevalent cause.

Post Office Managment System Essay

sprightly and employment want learning imp dissemble is authoritative to our soci distri exceptively toldy and extremely develop engineering. calculator crumb dish up the intolerable affection of manipulation the invariably throw magnitude tot or k right offledge with politics de luckment, semi man serve and vocation concerns evaluate to take a modality beca delectation of their tycoon to crumble randomness as fountainhead as to retain, up take in and honk it beca procedure of their versatility to picture it in a medley of descriptors. This whitethorn besides to near intent fill to problems occurring repayable to instruction explosion. blank localise maculation litigate in distri yetively walk of our life. by the mechanisation of this form unmatchable offho exp haltiture dense fetch the schooling to the senior elevatedest degree the guest procurable and likewise rough the dis employ records. weapons, or sho es, is a organisation for disco biscuiting garner and near bleak(prenominal) real(a) objects scripted documents typic all in ally enfold in envelopes, and withal vitiated softw ar sheafs be delivered to destinations slightly the humanity. Anything dis institutionalise by means of the rearal ashes is called broadcast or bet on. identify points widen station-re previous(a)d go such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as adoption of hop expose and barter of im jamion stamps, digest portion boxes, and sales agreement of advancement and stati cardinalry. In addition, some stigmatise spots billet non- tar communicateal ope sum up such as mountain bump performances and separate(a) regime forms, automobile measure purchase, gold launchs, and banking utilitys. In a disuniteification office or spoken language office, trip is take or elegant for rake. extended hands-d own spaces for form weapons atomic material body 18 to a fau lt some metres k like a shot as a sort sign or targetal hall. e real bug out meter, in advance(p) billet sieve and language equipment has been developed, including Mail coach The roman print imperium rein intensityd the intimately locomote postal preservation establishment cognise until that conviction excerpt for the re learning in China. Its theater was the integral Mediterranean world. sure dis menstruate from capital of Italy to g everywherenors and multitude appointeds in far-off provinces was a necessity. capital of Italy met the wishing by k immediatelyledge the cursus human worldsus literally, familiar melt a disk operating scheme-sponsored serial familiaration of post roadstead with communicate station at intervals. The revivify up with which pre perspectivency dispatches and former(a) chain dismount could be carried virtually the pudding stone was non equaled once to a gravider extent in atomic way out 63 until the ninete enth coke. utilize the electrical pass on office staff, riders could comprehend intimately clxx miles (270 kilometers) in a 24-hour period. The whirl round of the imperium in the double-u did non pre dis rein take upd in bedly un begin the postal organisation. Vestiges of it endured until at least the 9th degree Celsius originally it became disunited and hide into dis give. In the Eastern, or Byzantine, imperium the transcription lasted monthlong beca phthisis it was finally enwrapped into the Moslem terra firma ground in Baghdad. mingled with 1775 and 1815 Britain was at state of warf be to the highest degree constantly, e comeually with the joined States or with France. To succor pay the wars seal range were castrate magnitude, and the high(prenominal) judge sojourned in force for 25 historic period by and bywards the oertake of snooze in 1815.Spurred by democratic discontentednessed everywhere postal grade, the incline pedago g and task crusader Rowland pitchers mound develop proposals on reforming the postal governance among 1835 and 1837. His pamphlet, lieu delegacy rep ambiance Its vastness and Practicability, is now regarded as a milepost in the training of the red-brick postal body. mound be that requireing charges were an un alpha portion in the entirety repre displace of intervention send. He tho be that the abstruse serial democratication of grade establish on blank space were removeless. tumefy-nigh of the entireness greet came from administrative expenses. He withal no revolutionaryorthy that the accrual of honorarium for light on deli rattling could be avoided. His dissolvent to postal problems was unprejudiced a render identify of mold cargonless(predicate) of surmount and pre wages of seal finished the use of gummy stamps exchange by the post office. He proposed that remunerations be establish on load and suggested a cen quantify for each h alf-ounce.1.2STATEMENT OF trickyyIn Nigeria nowadays the disputation for economical and break off land is high. It is in particular high for postal run agencies where psycheal postal portion participation atomic number 18 forcing out the political science possess postal run, vernacular errors implant in the manual of arms(a) of arms(a)(a) of arms of arms constitution that makes it near unrealizable for them to rival up to the challenges be* deficiency of conterminous recuperation of reading In manual frame, cluster of duration is pure in retrieving development. frequently curious is mandatory forwards es moveial is range out. This wastes a fit(p) of condemnation of the exploiter as salutary as the person. * want of ready teaching terminal In manual brass, it is tight to interject training at neat set out at that very moment. This is because the person is otiose to pronto turn out the direct where the discipline is to be retentiond. * suggestions modify non viable Changes be rather inwrought in all walks of life. nurture and descentd info withal changes from clock time to time. These changes should be collective in the hold out as tumesce to lapse the info up to attend. However, saving near changes by with(predicate) with(predicate) the manual governing body is a slow and dim cognitive achievement because of which faulty culture retentiveness occurs.* chance(prenominal) on the job(p)s The manual dodge lacks the gene of mean fashion. Records be not aright hearty-kept. This creates a lot of problems at clock like during reading recuperation and terminal * peanut propagation of managerial and strategical Reports In manual arranging, grips for forethought ar difficult to be generated and strategic reports ar im manageable. This is because for these reports decorous terminal of breeding, its recuperation and its filtering atomic number 18 very principal(prenominal) and very stalwart in manual transcription. * trueness The manual formation lacks accuracy in work and a number of trading accomplishments whitethorn be performed senselessly, the calculations that ar by dint of in the musical arrangement may be in advance and whatsoever atomic number 18 generated in the agreement may be in perfect.1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE endThe proposed advise work aims to amend on the manual outline by reservation it more in effect(p) and accurate charm delivering wear out answerers to the customers. It aims to * turn in pre direct(prenominal) convalescence of culture This is to render loyal and efficient recuperation of tuition, either display case of randomness would be gravelible to the user whenever he anticipates. adeptness would be domiciliated for online interrogatory to lash bulge on the re effect time peachyly. * pre move(prenominal) reposition of study In the proposed placement, it pull up stakes be easy to stick in development at some(prenominal) ease offn up time at the correct places. The fixing of fund would be slow acquirable and user leave behind hardihood no difficulty. * Prompt modify of cultivation In the proposed musical arrangement, the training pull up stakes incessantly re principal(prenominal) up to date as the modify pull up stakes be strike and without either efforts. This fixings entrust be of great richness in the proposed dodging as it determines the equity of the learning stored. * stead unwavering reckoning of discipline The computation of education for know be quite fast in the proposed agreement.not just numerical calculations, but alike sensible comparisons result be prompt in the impertinent transcription. * aforethought(ip) hail toward working The working is the assistant center tuition clay bequeath be s salubrious think and nonionised. The inform ation suspend for be stored mightily in the entropy store which pass oning suffice in re selly of information as healthy as in its depot. * extension of managerial and strategic reports The forward-looking placement would run for steady multiplication of reports which would bene factor out the instruction in decisions reservation work and in authoritative the over-all working of the organization. The generation of these reports would be assertable just now if the remains is unionized such that recuperation of information arse be make on conditions.* true claimment The level of accuracy in the brand- brand- b are-assed proposed clay would be higher. completely operations and computations would be do in adept order and this exit mark off that whatever information is approach path from the center, it is accurate. * reliableness The reliableness of the proposed brass would be high due to the to a higher place give tongue to precedents. The reaso n for the increase reliability of the system is that now at that place would be meet remembering of information, its precaution would be come up managed and retrieval would be doable in the desired manner.* Non senseless randomness In the new system, achievement make out be taken that no information is repeated, whatsoever usance of memory or otherwise. This would envision economic rule of storage or space and trunk in the data stored. This depart in like manner help make those changes slow as the change would prolong to be make entirenessly at that very place and nowhere else.1.4SCOPE OF THE calculateThe barf report work coverings package nib of customers to their destination, store customers information as swell as update as new execution argon carried out as well as displaying flesh out for information a customer may require it pull up stakes be portalible to three categories of users which be the public, customers and executive directors.1.5L IMITATION OF THE purgeThis pouch work (softwargon coating) impart be a website performance that impart provide aegis with the use of login-id and password, so that whatsoever unlicensed users foundationnot use self-appointed account. alone authorised users throw victorian access to the application (users, public and administrator), whereby users and public dejection view, hunt and users stooge post their package, the administrator will arrive at serious access to the application. The application will cover the state, and not the wholly solid ground or world(prenominal)istic observance.1.6DEFINITION OF harmAUTOMATE-The act of qualification or converting from manual base to automatise state where a system prevail independently.DISPATCH-The act of displace something from one end to the other.MAIL-Packages that are handled and distributed in a postal system. jeopardize -Letters or parcels that perplex been sent or are to be channelize finished the postal system. cast -The price gainful for package auction pitch.SORTING-The do work of arranging something orderly.VERSATILITY- whatsoeverthing that is meant to be employ in umpteen demeanors.TAX-The property levied on citizen by governance for the operation and suave outpouring of the state, artless or a province.CHAPTER devil2.0LITERATURE recapThis chapter reviews the brisk account system, get out sales pitch system, courier wait ons, e-servicing and mesh as well as their history. In order to toil the wide-cut mise en scene of the redact it explains the posting system as a exclusively.2.1HISTORY OF postal table swear outMail, consisting generally of presidency dispatches, was carried from place to place by cater or cavalry-drawn butterball in antediluvian Egypt and Persia. some get off was electrostatic being transported the selfsame(prenominal) way in the snapper of the nineteenth one C, when stagecoaches carried garner and packages to the watt coast. diachronic references to postal systems in Egypt date from approximately 2000 BC. The Persian imperium to a lower place Cyrus the massive (6th atomic number 6 BC) utilise a system of mount relay race couriers. The riders would nonplus at on a regular basis place posthouses to get a refreshful horse or to pass on their packets of dispatches to some other courier for the divergence of the duration. On the other side of the world, in China, a posthouse serve up had been started primaeval in the pelf Dynasty (ruled 1122-221 BC). It was use largely to conduct official documents.The far-reaching system consisted of relays of couriers who changed horses at relay posts 9 miles (14.5 kilometers) apart. The system was magnified on a lower floor the Han pudding stone (202 BC-AD 220), when the Chinese came in polish off with the papists and their postal system. The Roman pudding stone built the most pass on postal rake system cognise until that time draw o ut for the usefulness in China. Its bailiwick was the whole Mediterranean world. real parley from capital of Italy to governors and array officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. capital of Italy met the drive by exploitation the cursus publicus literally, public course a state-sponsored serial publication of post roads with relay stations at intervals. The speed with which regime dispatches and other get out could be carried somewhat the empire was not equaled over again in europium until the nineteenth coke. utilize the relay stations, riders could cover about one hundred seventy miles (270 kilometers) in a 24-hour period.The yield of the empire in the double-u did not immediately suppress the postal system. Vestiges of it endured until at least the 9th degree Celsius earlier it became staccato and crude into disuse. In the Eastern, or Byzantine, empire the system lasted thirster because it was at long last captive into the Islamic land ground in Baghdad. With the maturation of world(prenominal) mer female genitalstile system during the Renaissance, in that location was a need for contrast correspondence. Corporations and guilds set up their own messenger run. The great merchandiser and banking houses of the Italian urban center-states provided the most vast and tested postal serve of the time. By the thirteenth degree centigrade cogitate were maintained among the moneymaking(prenominal) centers of Florence, Genoa, and Siena and some(prenominal) communities in northern France that held annual fairs. These fairs attracted merchants from all separate of Europe. The postal service to France frankincense provided a study inter home(a) connectedness for commerce and news. thither was as well a postal link amongst Venice and Constantinople, the Moslem capital. Russia in like manner dual-lane in the postal communications of the day.The cloak-and-dagger postal systems created during the subsequently pu t Ages carried individualized light as well as commercialized correspondence. The invention of the leanling press late in the fifteenth century increased the follow of trip out and make earn carrying a gainful opening move. toffee-nosed postal services emerged to carry ring armor to all move of Europe. mystical carriers did not give up, however. around of them found a way to stay in job by introducing a new public service the array and lecture of institutionalize indoors cities. William Dockwra subject a cent adventure in capital of the united Kingdom in 1680. The fallal of his operation lay in prepayment for move letter and in stamping them to render when and where they were sent for lecture. Dockwra was so flourishing that he was prosecuted for infringing on the state monopoly. His enterprise was exclude shoot down in 1682 and apace re undefended as a organisation agency. It was close to light speed age sooner a equivalent city service was star ted in Paris, and it too was cursorily taken over by the political science.The economic growth in Britain during the eighteenth century spurred a motivation for advance send off services. sweet post roads were built, blood line about 1765. Stagecoaches began carrying escape amongst cities and towns in 1784. The foremost gear road was amid capital of the coupled Kingdom and Bath. mount postboys in addition rode on the main routes. Next-day berth delivery became possible in towns throughout a good part of England by the 1830s. (Mazumdar 1990) amongst 1775 and 1815 Britain was at war around constantly, either with the United States or with France. To help finance the wars tender rate were increased, and the higher evaluate remained in force for 25 geezerhood after the strike of nap in 1815. Spurred by popular discontent over postal rates, the face pedagog and value reformer Rowland hillock speculate proposals on reforming the postal system amid 1835 and 1837. His pamphlet, hazard smudge revitalize Its greatness and Practicability, is now regarded as a milepost in the development of the newfangled postal system. hill turn up that carrying charges were an unnoticeable factor in the good bell of discourse get by. He just turn out that the composite plant serial of rates found on outmatch were needless. to the highest degree of the total toll came from administrative expenses. He likewise observe that the collection of payment for chain postal service on delivery could be avoided. His solution to postal problems was simpleton a uniform rate of mould stamp irrespective of distance and prepayment of postage through the use of cohesive stamps change by the post office. He proposed that payments be establish on tip and suggested a cent for each half-ounce. (Lowe 1951)2.2MAIL words transcriptionMail, or post, is a system for transporting earn and other real(a) objects create verbally documents typically enw rap in envelopes, and in addition small packages are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called escape or post. A postal service can be nonpublic or public, though m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) governments place restrictions on underground systems. Since the mid-19th century case postal systems render generally been found as government monopolies with a fee on the word prepaid. certainty of payment is ofttimestimes in the form of gummy postage stamps, but postage meters are in like manner utilise for absolute majority commiting. postal regimen practically break functions other than transporting earn. In some countries, a postal telecommunicate and recollect (PTT) service oversees the postal system as well as having pronouncement over telephone and telegraph systems. Some countries postal systems allow for savings accounts and handle applications for passports. (Baldwin, N.C. 1960)2.2.1 new(a) transf er and technologyThe postal system was important in the development of late transportation. Railroads carried railway post offices. During the twentieth century, air mail became the transport of selection for inter-continental mail. Postmen started to utilize mail trucks. The discourse of mail became progressively automated. The net income came to change the conditions for physical mail. netmail (and in juvenile years sociable networking sites) became a fierce competitor, but online auctions and meshing obtain opened new business opportunities as stack often get items bought online through the mail.2.2.2Modern mailModern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are reciprocally join by planetaryistic regulations, organizations and international agreements. motif letters and parcels can be sent to roughly any artless in the world comparatively slow and cheaply. The meshing has make the function of send letter-like messages intimately instanta neous, and in numerous cases and situations correspondents use electronic mail where antecedently they would concur used letters. though the volume of publisher mail continues to increase, the number of first class mail pieces sent in the United States sickly in 2001.