Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Essay Example for Free

Categorisation in Long-Term Memory EssayThe system used was a field experiment as it took part in a classroom. This method was chosen because the independent variable rotter be manipulated to find the effect on the dependent variable, which can draw conclusions about cause and effect. Doing this totallyows reasonable control of extraneous variables and where the experimenter has a significant amount of control. An independent groups design was most let because it prevents order effects and demand characteristics to a certain extent. There will be two groups, a control group who will be shown a random distinguish of langu date and an experiment group who will receive a categorised list. This enables me to compare the number of spoken language each group can recall and therefore claim the cause and effect. Independent variable Whether participants are presented with an set up list of wrangle or not. Dependant variable Memory as measured by the number of words the participan t recall from the list of words. Participants It was an opportunity sample of International school students from 13 to 14 yrs old. 10 participants were allocated into each condition randomly (condition 1 control group who received a random list of words, condition 2 experiment group with an organised list of categorised words).Each condition had 5 females and 5 males. Anyone that was available was asked if they would play part in the experiment. None of the participants dropped out and yet 2 students refused to take part, because they were not free at that moment. This sampling method was chosen because it was quick and convenient. By using independent designs, some extraneous variables were controlled. Order effects were prevented since varied participants were allocated in different conditions. Having clear and concise standardised instructions reduced confusion. The procedures were standardised to reduce any experimenter effects.The room was kept in a incessant temperature t o reduce it from possibly affecting participants shop. Students were ranged from 13-14 years old. Other noise from outside the room may have distorted the results and therefore all windows and doors were closed so that as little noise as possible was allowed into the room. The group of participants who received the organised lists of words recalled much(prenominal) words than the participants with the randomly categorised list. It was distinctive from the graphical record that spate given categorised words recalled more words than people who received a random list.The results apply my hypothesis of better recall from students if words were categorised. The relationship between the independent and dependant variable was if the words were categorised, the higher the recall. Discussion Validity Validity is if the measuring apparatus measures what its meant to measure. By looking at the number of words remembered, its an indicator of memory as it is clear that the more words you re call the more words were remembered, this is called face severity and its purpose is to consider if the experiment is laddering what its supposed to measure.I chose 3 categories of words to use in my experiment and I think that they were the correct categories to use as they were all only 1 syllable and are generally used in habitual life. This is related to construct validity which is whether the method can be used to support the variable that is being measured. (If the experiment was double overd, we would see similar results) I think that I chose the words that best measure organisation and that my test was valid. Ecological validity is if the experiment measures a naturally occurring behaviour.This was a field experiment which has good ecological validity but its not usual for someone to be interpreted into a room and to participate in a test on a daily life setting. The participants were informed they were taking part in a psychology experiment so the results could have been affected by demand characteristics. Suggestions for improving validity Participants were aware they were talking part in a psychology experiment which could have created demand characteristics and possible experimenter bias. To obtain a higher ecological validity I could have applied my study to school/everyday life.For example, asking participants to recall a list of ingredients that they had used to bake a cake. This could prevent demand characteristics and experimenter bias as participants might not be aware this that it is a psychology experiment and could possibly make my results more valid. Doing this however, would make it harder to control any extraneous variables and the study would be more difficult to replicate and standardise. Reliability Reliability is whether the measuring method can measure consistently. If the experiment was repeated, similar results would appear. I have increased reliability using the same words in both lists.Two different lists of words decrea ses reliability as some words are easier to remember than others. Therefore using the same words will reduce this effect. In the list of organised words it was obvious that the experiment was testing memory which led to demand characteristics. The experiment were standardised which meant its unclouded to replicate. However, because participants were already told that they were taking part in a psychology experiment on memory, they knew what the experiment was about and could try harder to perform better on the test (demand characteristics).Improving reliability If I were to choose a different sampling method results would be much more representative, because my sample was an opportunity sample with only people who were free at that moment. I could have chosen a random sample to increase reliability since there are different levels of cognitive abilities in students and not only people who were free. This method could be done by picking 10 males and females randomly (picking out nam es from hat) from each year group.This means a total of 70 subjects would be used instead of just 20 and doing this would give me more reliable results and a much more representative sample of school students. Also, to reduce demand characteristics the purpose of the experiment shouldnt have been told to the participants until after the experiment, which is called debriefing. Implications of study Bousfield found that we have semantic organisation in our long-term memory. Bower et al found that organising words into a categorised hierarchy would help to improve recall.In this study I found that participants recalled more words when the words on this list were organised. This means that the findings of my experiment support both Bowers and Bousfields findings. This implies that there is in fact a short and long-term memory and that there is some kind of semantic organisation of the information in the long-term memory which can improve peoples re-call. Generalisation of findings Targe t population is the age and group of people an experimenter plans to generalise their findings on. In my experiment the bum population was Island School students between the ages 13-14 years old.This was hard to generalise due to the sampling method. The method was biased because only students who were available and around at that time were asked to participate. This could be improved if a larger sample of students were used and not only people who were free to participate. My experiment only involved 20 people, which was too little to generalise a school of 1500 students. It was hard to generalise beyond the target population, as there are individual differences, psychological differences and cultural differences between much of the population.In addition my sample was too small to generalise beyond target population. Applications of everyday life It was found that an organised list of categorized words would be more efficient to remember than a randomly placed list of words. This can be applied to everyday life, for example when teachers teach children they have to teach in a systematical order so it is easier to recall the majority of information. As for a high school there is a syllabus which is organized by categorising the same type of information together. This is the most efficient way for store information and recalling it for exams.

Science Paper on Tropism Essay Example for Free

Science Paper on Tropism EssayA tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus. Plants grow towards sources of water and light, which they need to survive and grow. Auxin is a set up hormone developd in the stem tips and roots, which controls the direction of growth. Plant hormones argon used in weedkillers, root powder and to control fruit ripening.TropismsThe direction of plant growthPlants need light and water for photosynthesis. They take up developed responses called tropisms to help hold in sure they grow towards sources of light and water. There be divers(prenominal) types of tropismsPositive phototropism in plant stems* Tropism growth in response to a stimulus* Positive tropism towards the stimulus* blackball tropism away from the stimulus* Phototropism growth in response to the direction of light * Geotropism growth in response to the direction of gravity Responses of different parts of the plantAuxin is a plant hormone responsible for controlling the direct ion of growth of root tips and stem tips in response to different stimuli including light and gravity. Auxin is made at the tips of stems and roots. Its moved in solution to older parts of the stem and root where it changes the elasticity of the cells. More elastic cells absorb more water and grow longer, create bending in the stem or root. Its thought that light and gravity can interfere with the transport of auxin causing it to be unevenly distributed.Auxin experiment3 groups of seeds are grown in a cardboard box.A when the tips are removed, no auxin is made so the stems do not grow B when the tips are covered, auxin moves to all parts of the stem causing all parts to grow C when the tips are lit from one cheek only auxin accumulates on the shaded side causing it to grow more than the illuminated side Nervous System And NervesFunction To transmit messages from one part of your body to an some otherNeurons courier cells in your nervous trunkNerve impulses Electrical signals c arrying messagesNeurotransmittersChemicals released by one neuron to excite a neighbouring one Millions of messengersYour nervous system contains millions of nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to transmit messages from one part of your body to another. All neurons have a cell body and one or more fibres. These fibres falsify in length from microscopic to over 1 metre. There are two different kinds of nerve fibres fibres that carry information towards the cell body, called dendrites, and fibres that carry information away from it, called axons. Nerves are tight bundles of nerve fibres.TeamworkYour neurons can be divided into three types* Sensory neurons, which pass information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system * Motor neurons, which pass instructions from your central nervous system to other parts of your body, such as muscles or glands * Association neurons, which connect you r sensory and motor neuronsElectrical and chemical signalsYour neurons carry messages in the form of galvanizing signals called nerve impulses. To create a nerve impulse, your neurons have to be excited. Stimuli such as light, sound or pressure all excite your neurons, but in most cases, chemicals released by other neurons will trigger a nerve impulse. Although you have millions of neurons that are densely packed within your nervous system, they never real touch. So when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron, a neurotransmitter chemical is released. It diffuses from this neuron across a junction and excites the next neuron.Protecting cells all over half of all the nerve cells in your nervous system do not transmit any impulses. These supporting nerve cells are located surrounded by and around your neurons to insulate, protect and nourish them.ChromosomesEvery human cell has 46 molecules of double-stranded DNA. This DNA is coiled and supercoiled to form chromosomes. Each c hromosome has around 50 to 250 million bases. scope Credit genome.govHuman cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. The egg from the mother contains half of the 46 (23) and thesperm from the father carries the other half 23 of 46 chromosomes. Together the baby has all 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Females have an XX chromosome while men have an XY chromosome.DNADNA resides in the core, or nucleus, of each of the bodys trillions of cells. Every human cell (with the exception of mature red filiation cells, which have no nucleus) contains the same DNA. The DNA is a double, stranded spiral forming a double helix. Each strand is made up of millions of chemical build blocks called bases. There are only four types of bases making up the DNA adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The order of these bases are changed with permutation and combination in a sequence and alone(predicat e) sequences code for proteins. The concept is quasi(prenominal) to combination of alphabets to form words that further combine to form sentences.GenesThe DNA in each chromosome constitutes many ingredients. The DNA withal contains large sequences that do not code for any protein and their function is not known. The divisor of the coding region encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a particular(prenominal) protein or enzyme. There are around 50,000 and 100,000 genes with each being made up of hundreds of thousands of chemical bases. In order to make proteins, the gene from the DNA is coped by each of the chemical bases into messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) or mRNA. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and uses cell organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes to form the polypeptide or amino acid that finally folds and configures to form the protein.The human genomeAll the DNA in the cell makes up the human genome. There are about 20,000 strategic genes located on on e of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus or on long strands of DNA located in the mitochondria.The DNA in the genes make up only around 2% of the genome. For some years now each of the sequences and genes discovered are carefully recorded as to their specific location, sequences etc. The whole information is stored in a database that is publicly accessible. Nearly 13000 genes have been mapped to specific locations (loci) on each of thechromosomes. This information was initiated by the work make as part of the Human Genome Project. The completion of the project was celebrated in April 2003 but the exact number of genes and numerous other genes in the genome of humans is as yet unknown.Genetic switches and non-coding DNA regionsThe genes that contain the information to make the necessary proteins are therefore switched on in some of the specialized cells while the remain genes are switched off. For example, the genes that are switched on in kidney cells are different to tho se that are switched on in brain cells because the cells of the brain have different roles and make different proteins. In addition to the Human genome project, more information is needed to find what each of the genes as well as the vast amounts of non-coding regions do.These non-coding regions form nearly 90% of the chromosome and earlier much of it was termed junk DNA as it appeared that this DNA did not contain the information for gene products that the cells use and produce. Now it is increasingly construct that the non-coding DNA has a very important role to play. That role is still largely unknown but is homogeneously to include regulating which genes are switched on or switched off in each cell. The non-coding regions of the DNA is also important for forensic investigations and determining biological relationships paternity etc.Promoter regions, exons introns of genesA gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in RNAs that whitethorn vary in lengths. Some genes may have strong promoters that bind the transcription machinery well, and others have weak promoters that bind poorly. Weak ones allow for less transcription to protein than strong ones. Other possible regulatory regions include enhancers. These enhancers may help the weak promoters. many an(prenominal) prokaryotic genes are organized into operons. These sequences are genes that have products with related functions. Long stretches of DNA that are coded to proteins are called introns and non-coding regions are called exons.Genes mutationsAround 20,000 genes in the cell demand the growth, development and health of the animal or human. The genetic information contained in the DNA is in the form of a chemical code, called the genetic code. The code is similar in many ways and in most of the sequences across all living organisms. An allele is one variant of that gene. In many cases, all great deal would have the gene, but certain people will have a specific allele of that gene, which re sults in the trait. This could be a simple trait like hair or eye color. There are, however, variations in the genetic code that makes each individual unique. Most variations are harmless.However, variations to the genetic information can sometimes mean that some proteins are not produced properly, produced in the wrong amounts or not produced at all. Variations that make the gene faulty are called mutations. SNPs or mavin nucleotide polymorphisms are changes in a single base or single letter in the sequence and may code of a different protein altogether making it akin to a genetic mutation. Mutations of genes that are important for functions in the body can lead to a genetic condition that may affect growth or health of the individual. Some mutations do not directly cause disease but may make a person more susceptible to developing a genetic condition.

Major Causes Of The Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Major Causes Of The world(prenominal) Financial Crisis Economics EssayThis is what this paper tries to do. It proceeds in three steps. The start-off reviews what do we mean by the term Financial Crisis or Credit Crunch and too a brief description on international fiscal crises. The uphold identifies what is the Causes of Global pecuniary crisis (2008onwords). The third, and the most tentative of the three, takes a first pass at the contours of different macro scotch policy i.e. U.S Government Macro- economical Policy measures.Financial Crisis or Credit CrunchA credit crunch (also known as a credit squeeze or credit crisis) isA sudden decrement in the general availability of loans (or credit), or a sudden emergence in the cost of obtaining loans from banksBernanke and Lown (1991) define a credit crunch as a decline in the supply of credit that is abnormally large for a given stage of the business cycle. Credit normally contracts during a recession, but an remarkably large cont raction could be seen as a credit crunch.When point comes to a financial crisis, it means a poorly functioning financial trades this wanting(predicate) performance of financial markets green goddess lead to the limited entry of new firms, low production in the firms on hand, and greater financial constraints form thin and medium enterprises. (Anna and Robert, 2005)There argon some(prenominal) reasons why banks may suddenly increase the costs of borrowing or make borrowing more difficult. It can be used, because the expected drop in the value of collateral when granting loans to banks, or even to a greater awareness of the risks associated with the solvency of other banks in the banking system. It may be a change in monetary conditions (for example, when the primal bank suddenly raising interest rates), or because the central government introduced direct instruction credit checks or banks do not engage more in loans additional. The negative effects of trade losses considerabl y, opus the slow fell in growth, worsening of macroeconomic balances and huge inflationary pressures, etc.It is now clear that the current turmoil is more than simply a liquidity event, reflecting deep seated balance chief(prenominal)sheet fragilities and weak capital bases stated the International Monetary breed.Global Financial CrisisThe world economy experienced a severe economic downturn. Global financial crisis has caused economic activity, stop and dimmed the outlook for global growth. Although the severity and duration of the crisis are still unclear, the major industrialized countries obligate already or ending to recession and global slowdown should lead to deeper and far more than previously thought. As the deepening financial crisis intensifies its grip on the global economy, Asian economies oblige begun to feel its effects. (James, William E. et al. 2008).According to Mohan, (2007) Taylor, (2008) the proximate cause of the current financial turbulence is attribut ed to the sub-prime mortgage sector in the USA. At a fundamental level, however, the crisis could be ascribed to the attention of large global imbalances, which, in turn, were the outcome of yen periods of excessively loose monetary policy in the major advanced economies during the early part of this decade.DeBoer (2008) believes that it was serial publication of events which caused the crisis it begins with the collapse of currencies in East Asia in 1997 and became edgy due to the financial crisis of Russia in 1998. Next, in USA was the dot-com stock collapse in 2001, and the final examination stroke was again in USA, when after a swift decline in housing prices and rapid contraction in credit, it fell into recession.Rasmus (2008) has the alike(p) thoughts he, while discussing the reasons of economic recession of U.S tell The real ailments afflicting the US economy for more than a quarter-century now include sharply rising income inequality, a decades-long real represent free ze for 91 million non-supervisory workers, the accelerating collapse of the US postwar retirement and healthcare systems, the export of the US economys manufacturing base, the near-demise of its labor unions, the lack of full time enduring employment for 40 per cent of the workforce, the diversion of massive amounts of tax revenues to offshore shelters, the growing ineffectiveness of traditional monetary and fiscal policy, and the progressive decline of the US dollar in international markets.Facts behind the CrisisAccording to Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung the current economic difficulties have a United States origin.The original underlying assets were houses whose prices were locomote.The collapse of the securitized US mortgage marketAnd its related derivative products amplified the weakness of the US housing sector, sending a contraction shock through the US economy and to the rest of the world.Causes of Global financial crisisAs Nikolson (2008) acknowledged that financial crisis whi ch instigated from USA has now become a global phenomenon. At present, not only in U.S but crosswise Asia and Europe, stock exchanges crashed collective losses of the London, Paris and Frankfurt markets alone amounted to more than 350 billion Dollars. Stock Exchange 100 index closed more than 323 points down in January 2008 (Times online 2008).There are some positive factors present in the circumstances. A rapid decline in prices of raw materials and energy caused by falling demand is temporarily tamed the inflation pressure. The proposed response to the Asian Development Bank, the Global Financial Crisis (2009), several countries have tried, the cushion on the global economic slowdown and financial crisis of monetary policy (liquidity injections and rate cuts), the fiscal policies (tax benefits packages and revenue expenditure) and fiscal policy (deposit insurance and rescue).About the cause of current crisis Bartlett (2008) said that crisis was started with the downfall of US sub -prime mortgage sedulousness , the intensity of this collapse was significant Mark-to-market losses on mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, and related assets through March 2008 were approximate $945 billion. He further stated that it is The largest financial loss in history.Global Macroeconomic ImbalancesAccording to Portes (2009), global macroeconomic imbalances were the major underlying cause of the crisis. The savings- investiture imbalance, which provide much of the international flow of capital too much weight to the funding process to produce global imbalances and the interaction with the defects of financial instruments to specific features of the crisis. This view is, however, provides only a partial analysis of the recent global economy.The deep and lingering crisis in global financial markets,the extreme level of risk aversion,the mounting losses of banks andfinancial institutions,the elevated level of commodity prices (until the third quarter o f 2008) and their subsequent collapse,and the sharp correction in a range of asset prices, all combined, have suddenly led to a sharp slowdown in growth momentum in the major advanced economiesSubprime Mortgage CrisisYlmaz (2008) charged U.S subprime mortgage industry to be the major reason of current global financial crisis, he also stated that the total loses estimated initially up to $300 to $600 billion are now considered to be around $1 trillion.Sub-prime crisis is the housing crisis and the financial crisis, triggered by the sharp rise in defaults and foreclosures in the United States, the main negative sham on banks and financial markets through the world. The crisis of the late 20 Century appeared in 2007 and is disclosed stem constantly weaknesses in the regulation of the financial sector and the global financial system.Khatiwada and McGirr (2008) stated that many of these subprime mortgage loans in the balance sheet of banks they never have been born, and they are to att ract foreign banks, which are high enthronisation rating, with subprime borrowers to repay their s mortgages, originating institution closure of his own money to finance its assets back to the balance sheet. There was a lot of banks in the sustainability of public finances, rumbustious relatively short calendar.Global Trends (2008 onwards)I would like to highlight some Global trends leading to the crisis areHigh Commodity Prices In 2008, the prices of many commodities such as oil and fodder, so high that it causes real economic damage. In January 2008 the price of oil crossed $ 100 a barrel for the first time, the first step in a series of awards after this year. In July, the oil price was $ 147 per barrel, though prices fell quickly.Trade In mid-October 2008 Baltic Dry Index, a measure of cargo volume decreased by 50 percent from one week loan crisis, it was difficult to obtain letters of credit for exporters fanfare In February 2008, Reuters reported that headline inflation to historic levels, and that domestic inflation was 10-20 years a large number of people. Supporting the oversupply of money in the world, growth spurt, a loose monetary policy in Asia, speculation in commodities, years of poor harvests, rising imports from China and the growing demand for products intellectual nourishment and raw materials, rapid growth of emerging economies, Possible causes of inflation, as indicated. In mid-2008, IMF data showed that inflation was highest in oil-exporting countries and Asian developing countries, because the price of oil and food prices.Unemployment The International Labour Organization estimates that are 20 million jobs lost, when he have the end of 2009 because of the crisis particularly construction, real estate, financial and automotive sector unemployment disgrace in the world more than $ 200 million for the first time. (Muhammad Usman IPRI Journal)US Government and financial crisesBarack Obama, the new president of the United States has i mplemented a ecumenical economic policy in the United States on the economic crisis. Although the United States is facing the financial crisis now, and there is a recession looming economic problems of the United States several were taken to standardize.DeBoer (2008) believe that such bailout programs and other supporting packages from governments is like offering protection from a negative outcome which is more appropriate to be called as moral hazard this trend could increase the possibility of future bad upshotsGovernments are providing support and doing what so ever they can to prevent their economical bodily construction US government injected $800 billion in the economy to support the structure, UK government has announced a package of $692 billion, European Union is about to start an economic recovery plan and IMF has called for minimum financial support of $100 billion (BBC news, 2008).U.S Government Macro-economic Policies and LegislationsFirst, the U.S. policy to contai n the infection and deal with the recession that followed. The two main legislative Troubled Asset Relief Program, which is supporting the U.S. economy, and institutions recovery and reinvestment for the year 2009 it aims to give impetus to the economy (Clinton T. Brass et al., 2009). Political proposals Thurs forces of change in the regulations and structure of regulation and supervision of national and international level have been coming through the legislative process, the maintenance of the recommendations of international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (Global Financial Stability Report, 2008), Bank for International Settlements (Walter W. Eubanks CRS report), and Financial Stability Board Forum(Report of the Financial Stability Forum2008).According to Fred Moseley (2009) the federal government has acted fairly vigorously in attempts to prevent a more serious crisis, and has been modestly successful in the short-run, but it remains to be seen how successful it will be in the long run. plyeral Reserve.The Federal Reserve has a very accommodative policy (lower interest rates, which was short term and increased lending by commercial banks), and hopes that the banks increase their lending to companies and households. These traditional policies are not effective, because banks are reluctant to their loans are increasing, because they trust the creditworthiness of borrowers and the capital loss they have suffered (and still) that are required to reduce shortages to loans, the to approve loans, to maintain the equity ratio. Most importantly, the Fed loans to investment banks continued first in its history. Investment banks regulated by the Fed, so it has always been of the opinion that the Fed is not the responsibility as lender of last resort act, the investment banks, if they are in difficulties. In September 2008, when the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers ( so as the fourth largest investment bank in the United States), exacerbation of the crisis triggered by the Fed still extraordinary and unprecedented steps to rescue AIG, the largest insurance company in the world. AIG, the market for credit default swaps, the insurance policy, a government defaults on loans, which represent, including high-risk mortgage-backed securities and form of speculation that dominates the bonds and default However, the commercial banks and investment banks stopped lending have increased. And the Fed cannot solve the fundamental problems of excessive household debt, falling house prices and rising rates of foreclosure.Congress. In February 2008, Congress quickly passed a financial fillip Paper of 168 billion $, which includes tax relief for households and tax cuts for businesses. These tax cuts would have a positive effect on the economy last summer, but their impact was minor and transient. At best, tax relief, even if the pace of consumption, because such reductions can only be used once. In 2008, Congress adopted the anti-sealing operat ion, which the existing mortgages, the default for new installations, which represent about 85 percent of the fair value of the home refinancing can be verified, and the Federal Housing Administration to ensure, can then end of September, when the crisis worsened, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson has requested and Congress approved (in the context of the threat, the rapid decline in stock markets), $ to buy 700 billion subprime-backed securities (toxic waste), the U.S. banks. s $ 700 billion a lot of money, it is $ 2,300 for every man, woman and child in the United States. Soon the law was passed, Paulson changed his mind and decided to use is 700 billion dollars by capital of banks (rather than buying toxic assets), and hopes that this increase is best way to encourage bank lending. The situation shows that leaving the financial capitalist system, their future, is inherently unstable, and only reverse government crises live at the expense of taxpayers. It is twice in the capitalis t financial system is inherently unstable and rescue operations are inevitable economically unfair.ConclusionAfter discussing the most common causes of the global financial crisis, I found that show some predictions that the world from a crisis that is unique in nature is suffering, because the Mortgage Industry in the United States and whether is then spread around the world but there is no general consensus about the same thing. The governments turn when they control their financial research, calculate, and the protection of their economic structure.In order to prevent future financial crises and the allocation of capital occurs at the mania of the monetary authorities would be asset price inflation and deflation, not only the price index (CPI) inflation and deflation because of their political activities, including governance. There is something disturbing about how the central banks have acted in the past they are relentless commitment to keep inflation low, and revise their r efusal, the inflation of resources, manufactured era marked by a combination of slow low wages and persistent economic instability.Regulation of health care should be taken in public funds to the synthetic rubber and credibility of financial institutions, such as capital adequacy ratios (especially if the assets are weighted and the mark-to-market price increases) or tightened accounting to comply with the standards of booking, when the expected losses also unveiled its distorting effects, because they have led to convictions in honour of and sudden fire sale of assets. This proved to be strongly pro-cyclical, especially when the crisis has already erupted.It is important that the per capita revenue domestic product is expected to grow because the new economic policy in the United States. Unemployment and underemployment are reduced, and exports of the products would soon seek U.S. economic policy..

Transformational Leadership Model Analysis

Transformational leaders Model AnalysisLeadership is the process of influencing other people to assume in preferred ways to accomplish organizational objectives (David H. Holt and Karren W. Wigginton). In the 1970s, leadership theories approaching effectiveness was dominant, for example, path-goal surmise (House Mitchell, 1974). Since the late 1980s, new style of leadership system emerged, as magnetized leadership (Conger Kanungo, 1998 Hunt, Boal, Dodge, 1999), visionary leadership (Sashkin, 1988), and likewise transformational leadership (Avolio, deep, Jung, 1999). However, much of the leadership research has concentrated on characteristics and specific effects of charismatic and transformational leadership (Bass 1985 Kanungo1990 Sashkin 1988 Tichy and Devanna 1990).burn was the first person introducing the concept of transforming leadership in his book Leadership. The version of transformational leadership theory was formulated later by Bass (Bass, 1985, 1996). He be tr ansformational leadership in terms of the leaders effect on followers by analyzing the behavior used in the process. The employees can be god by taking difficult objectives, and come across beyond initial expectation.This paper will have a thorough analysis on the Transformational Leadership theory. The first part will conduct a general description of the theory, followed by the review over the theory development in pct two. Part three and Part Four will be the conceptual and Empirical support for the transformational Leadership theory.Transformational Leadership TheoryTraditional leadership theories emphasized demythologized processes rather, theories of transformational and charismatic leadership emphasize more(prenominal) on emotions and values. James MacGregor Burns (1978) was the first author to contrast transforming and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership stresses achievement of higher collective purpose, of third estate mission and vision. Transformati onal leadership includes individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, charisma, and inspirational motivation. Transactional leadership includes contingent reward behavior and management by exceptions. Burns defined the concept of transforming leadership as,a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agentsoccurs when one or more persons mesh with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and moralityHe proposed that the transforming leaders touch off the followers to make them be able to achieve significant goals in the work, which finally lead to values promotion in both parties.Under the theory of Burns, Bass developed more. He put Burns concept into one way process as transformational leadership where the leader transforms followers. It is different from the theory of Burns which indicate a two-way process that leaders and followers r ealize beyond expectations. Bass add the transformational style of leadership that Burns did not accept attention to. The leadership style incorporate social changes in the process of leaders cognitive operation which empirically more effective. According to Bass (Bass 1985, 1996 Avolio et al. 1995), transformational leaders motivate their followers by inspiring them, offering challenges, and encouraging individual development. Studies reviewed by Bass support that transformational and transactional leadership can be very distinctive. There is also evidence that transformational leadership is positively related to subordinate satisfaction, motivation, and performance (Lowe et al. 1996).According to the research centre for leadership studies of University of Exeter (Bolden, R. et. al,2003), Bass transformational leaders mayexpand a followers portfolio of needstransform a followers egotism-interestincrease the confidence of followerselevate followers expectationsheighten the value of the leaders think outcomes for the followerencourage behavioral changemotivate others to higher levels of in the flesh(predicate) achievementSimply put forward, transformational leaders can1) adjoin subordinates awareness of well-performance of their tasks,2) Increase subordinates awareness of needs for personal development, and goal-fulfillment.3) Increase subordinates awareness of working in the spirit of making good for organization rather than focus on personal bene add together.On the contribution theory base of Burns and Bass, Tichy and Devanna (1986) built further on transformational leadership in organizational contexts. They described the nature of transformational as a behavioral process capable of being learned. And the characteristics of transformational leaders are indentified as courageous, trustworthy, value-driven, visionary, continuous learning, and able to deal with complexity.To make the theory more operational, Bass and Avolio (1994) proposed louvre dimens ions of transformational leadership, idealized behaviors, idealized motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration and idealized attitude. The detailed behaviors of the five dimensions are showed in Table.TransformationalLeadership StyleLeader Behaviors2) consume the moral consequences of decisions3) risk-sharing4) Trust subordinates2) Enthusiastic about job3) Confident that goals will be achieved4) Take a stand on controversial issues2) look at problems from different angles3) Suggest new ways to complete assignments4) Encourage innovative thinking2) Consider individuals different needs and abilities3) Help to develop strengths4) Promote self development2) Act in ways that get respect from others3) Display a sense of competence4) Confident that obstacles will be overcomeconceptual PitfallsThe version of transformational leadership theory that has generated the most interest was contributed by Bass and his colleagues (Bass, 1985, 1996). Bass model of transfor mational leadership has been accepted by scholars and practitioners that organizations can encourage employees to perform beyond expectations. Despite a set of theory base in transformational leadership, concerns have been raised about the way in which the dimensions of the model have been defined (Avolio Yammarino, 2002 Hunt Conger, 1999 Shamir et al., 1993).Yukl (1999) proposed that it was not clearly differentiated between transformational and charismatic leadership. The influence processes for transformational and transactional leadership are blurring, and have not been explored systematically. The identification of types of transformational leadership behaviors seems to be install mostly on a factor analysis therefore the theoretical base for differentiating among the behaviors is not explained. While every type of transformational leadership behavior includes a lot of components, it makes the definition more ambiguous. Leadership is viewed as a key determinant of organizat ional effectiveness however, the leader behaviors that ultimately influence organizational performance are seldom described in detail. The organizational processes have not received sufficient attention in mainstream theories of transformational leadership.Moreover, stated by Yukl (1999), the theory provides substandard identification of negative effects. It does not clearly trace any situation where transformational leadership is detrimental. However, some other researchers have noted that. For example, transformational leadership theory, putting more emphasis on the role of leadership to motivate employees, is biased at the expense of most of employees (Stephens et al., 1995). Porter and Bigley (1997) proposed that if members of an organization are influenced by different leaders with competing visions, the result will be increased role ambiguity and role conflict (Yukl, 1995). By establishing strong influence in the subunit, the leaders can achieve organizational goals more eff ectively, at the same time, arise competition among different subunits under different leaders. In that case, tasks that need cooperation among different unit will suffer. This is particularly harmful when inter-unit cooperation is necessary to achieve organizational objectives, and further result a decline in organizational effectiveness.Empirical support for the transformational leadership modelThe to a higher place issues concerning the weaknesses of Transformational leadership research meant that empirical research can provide evidence if necessary. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is the most used measure of transformational leadership research developed by Bass. By using MLQ, the data can provide mixed support for the differentiation of the components of the transformational model, which is the most controversy issue that has not achieved the general agreement.From a massive range of settings, the positive effects of transformational leadership on several organiza tional outcomes have been proved. (Dumdum, Lowe, Avolio, 2002 Judge Piccolo, 2004 Lowe, Kroeck, Sivasubramaniam, 1996) while conflicting evidence has been reported concerning the factor grammatical construction of the model, and very strong relationships have been reported among the leadership factors (Avolio et al., 1999). Interestingly, by using the MLQ-1, report found the five-factor model of transformational leadership (including charisma, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, contingent reward, and management-by-exception) was fit properly to the data, however, a two-factor model(active and passive leadership factor) was also fit properly to the data (Bycio et al. 1995). Avolio (1999) proposed several alternate conceptual models of the factor structure underlying the MLQ-5X.Carless (1998) examined the MLQ-5X, and found that a hierarchical model (charisma, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation) representing facets of a second-order cons truct which called transformational leadership was fit well according to the data. Carless suggested that the MLQ-5X does not assess separate transformational leadership behaviors, but measures a single, hierarchical construct of transformational leadership (Alannah E. 2004).Researchers are using a number of tactics instead when examining transformational leadership. Some researchers used a decreased set of items to measure transformational leadership model (e.g., Tejeda et al., 2001). This strategy has been driven by empirical results but fail to be explained by strong theoretical rationale. opposite authors, such as Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, and Fetter (1990), have developed their own measures of transformational and transactional leadership. While these three approaches may all prove useful in some situations, we urge that it is important to adopt a theoretically driven approach when evaluating the subdimensions of transformational leadership. As a result, we re-examine t he theoretical model developed by Bass (1985) to identify five subdimensions of transformational leadership that will demonstrate discriminant validity with each other and with outcomes.

The Case Study Of Ruth And Joseph Social Work Essay

The Case Study Of pathos And Joseph Social Work Es evidenceThis paper allow facial gesture at the case study of pathos, Joseph and their family. They are Humanitarian Entrants in Australia and face many issues. Their past life in Southern Sudan was fraught with war, abandon and displacement. As a accessible worker assessing their case there are several factors which motivating to be taken into account which rotter impact greatly on their future. These include the dominant discourse which as a social worker we exit choose to work from. The biomedical discourse deals with many factors which are evident in the work with Ruth and Joseph. Factors such as torture and trauma and the repercussions psychologically which this has had and how it continues to impact on the family. This paper will in any case odor at how the western biomedical beat whitethorn limit mental unsoundness as just a brain disease and not look at all the factors which are related. When works with trying t o resettle a refugee family in a new rustic which is so far removed from what they know, a social worker needs to deal with broad range of t reads. Selecting the right theory is crucial. The theory which would best work for Ruth and Joseph would be Anti-oppressive. Looking at the anti-oppressive theory when working with new migrants can help us to understand their history and help them overcome the oppression which they have felt for so long. It is our intention as social workers to help integrate refugee people into local communities and adjust to a new culture. I will need to evaluate my receive value and attitudes when working with my CALD ( ethnicly and Linguistically Diverse) clients. My focus will be on how these differences may impact or inhibit my work with Ruth and Joseph namely our heathen differences.GENOGRAMAssessing clients and step in as a Social Work practitioner it is essential that we choose the best discourse relevant to our clients needs. As Healy (2008) su pposes the biomedical discourse is one of the more or less powerful discourses shaping radiation pattern contexts, particularly in health services such as hospitals, rehabilitation services and mental health services (p20).Healy discusses how social work practitioners need to learn to understand some form of the biomedical terminology (2005,p22). When working with clients such as Ruth and Joseph whom both have post-traumatic symptoms in alter degrees the biomedical discourse seeks to address the complexity of their problems. Both Ruth and Joseph appear to suffer from some form of mental illness related to their post-traumatic experiences. Penhale and Parker (2008) say that difficulties with mental illness can be deepened if the person/s comes from black or minority ethnic community (p103).The symptoms which Ruth and Joseph are experiencing are in the form of flashbacks, anxiety and fear. The National Centre for PTSD state that refugees frequently experience recurring losses, cha llenges, and changes during the exile/acculturation and resettlement/repatriation periods (Bolton,2010).When assessing Ruth and Joseph, we have to be careful not to objectify them as just their illness. As a social worker we need to look at a client from varying degrees not just one. We need to look at a client and their past history in a holistic biopsychosocial way. With Ruth and Joseph, addressing their mental illness is just one of the multidimensional factors which they are experiencing. Looking at them as people rather than as an illness can help with assessing their case. STARTTS elaborate state that It is necessary for social workers in this field to develop an understanding of organised violence and its effects on individuals, families and societies, and convertiblely of the refugee experience of escape and surviving in refugee camps (Bowles, n.d.).The biomedical discourse can besides have limitations. Healy discusses how there is potential for biomedical knowledge to c ontribute to social oppression (2005,p26). When working with Ruth and Joseph our practice must be about empowering them and help them overcome any oppression which they have experienced. The implications which we as practitioners may face when working with refugees from the biomedical model is as Healy (2008,p.25) suggests in conflict with the holistic approach. As social workers it is our role to look at a client in a social context. Ruth and Joseph reconcile with a range of problems that stem from the trauma which they have encountered. This branches into areas of social, economic and emotional needs that need to be addressed. Ruth faces trying to navigate her way about the bureaucracy of Centrelink, Medicare and other agencies just to get their simplest needs met. We will need to work with Ruth to overcome her fear of authority which stems from her trauma which she experienced in Southern Sudan. In the case study it mentions that Ruth appears afraid of all the questions regardi ng getting a job and the fear of authority coupled with the language/cultural barrier which she experienced has led to her self-doubting. We need to look at the case of Ruth and Joseph from more of social level rather than a medical level. This model does not consider the role, such as family and community play in development of illness thus, diagnosis and treatment are narrowly defined (Pardeck and Yuen,2001, as cited in Pardeck,2002,p.4).Assessing clients whom have trauma related symptoms such as Joseph, being aware of his condition and all aspects appear to be from physical to emotional to psychological will help us to make decisions of referrals to other agencies which may need to be done. It appears as though Joseph will need to see a physiotherapist, tooth doctor and a GP to help overcome his physical pain. His emotional and psychological problems range from trouble concentrating to becoming cutthroat towards his family. The unassailablety of Ruth and the children will be made in the initial assessment. It will need to be decided whether Ruth notices safe enough to have Joseph in the house with her and her children if he continues with his violent behaviour. Referrals may need also to be made to a psychologist or a mental health agency for Joseph.Healy places anti-oppressive practice between strengths perspective and the postmodernist practices to reflect the common historical lineage of theories for practice, all which have emerged as significant influences in the formal base of social work since 1990s (2005,p173). Adopting an anti-oppressive example whilst working with Ruth and Joseph, tribute must be paid to the past struggles and sacrifices which they have faced. Ruth and Joseph have suffered great oppression in Southern Sudan. This oppression included imprisonment, relatives killed, being taken from their home, hunger, and lack of safety. OHara and Weber (2006) maintain that an anti-oppressive or radical framework encourages practitioners to u nderstand the structural context of their assessment practice (p,141). some(a) critical components of the anti-oppressive framework are the isms. These are anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-heterosexism, anti-ablism, and anti-ageism (Moore,2003,n.d). Addressing these components of the anti-oppressive framework when assessing Ruth and Joseph will allow practice to empower and enable and support them to gain more experience over their lives. As Milner and OBryne mention ..social work should make a difference so that those oppressed may regain control of their lives and re-establish their right to be undecomposed and active members of society (2009,p.23).In an initial assessment with Ruth and Joseph factors to be considered include whether an interpreter is needed as translation will play a vital role in the assessment process. Ruth and Joseph have obviously sought freedom from persecution because of war, assault and torture and/or other degrading treatment. STARTTS state that Social wo rkers in this field are exposed to stories of gross human rights violations, and cannot maintain neutral opinions concerning the actions of various groups and regimes. Conversely, one is also exposed to the complexities of civil and world(prenominal) conflicts ones own political ideologies, stereotypes and beliefs are all challenged in this work.Culture plays a significant part in anti-oppressive practice when working with Ruth and Joseph. Penhale and Parker (2008, p.197) points outCultural competence stems from an anti-oppressive approach to practice and concerns the competence and understandings to work with diverse groups, respecting and acknowledging difference whilst working with people to effect changes that have been agreed and negotiated together.There is no need to be a cultural expert as such but awareness of cultural differences and how this may impact on communicating effectively with Ruth and Joseph is important. By doing some research if possible of Ruth and Josephs Dinka culture will help when working with assessing their needs. For example the WYDA states that Dinka family members provides an essential support network (2008, para 5). This is important when talking to Ruth and Joseph about their family life and roles in the family etc. Another consideration to make would be to ask them what some of their expectations may be and ask them how things were done in their country. Breaking down this cross-cultural barrier in the initial assessment can lead to a more positive aftermath for both the social worker and Ruth and Joseph. . Thompsons PCS interactive model of oppression (Penhale and Parker, 2008, p.155) shows oppression to be the constructor of personal, cultural and societal views and that the personal prejudice just does not explain racism. Furthermore it is important that a social worker understands how these aspects of life interact can create and recreate patterns of oppression and discrimination. It is important also to note that Ru th and Josephs children appear to be acculturating faster therefore may have to take over the role of translators in official realms. This reversal of roles can create stress in both parents and children and can sometimes lead to intergenerational conflict. Parents can feel like their children have lost respect for them and that that their authority may have been undermined.Social work practice must address a myriad of issues when dealing with asylum seekers and refugees. In establishing themselves in the community Ruth and Joseph they will require a number of services with which to access which will play a vital role in providing a safe community. Offering current support and adopting an anti-oppressive practiceWorking with CALD (Culturally and Linguistically Diverse) clients as a social work practitioner this can raise several issues with values and attitudes which I may have. I am white, Australian and a social work student. I have a antithetic cultural identity and am from a d ifferent country which holds different views and ideas to Ruth, Joseph and their family. Being a female and a mother I can empathise with Ruth in regards to running a planetary house and caring for children. Ruth has had to take over as head of the family as Joseph appears to be mentally unwell and not fit to lead his family for the time being. She also has a large family and caring for seven children can be a struggle let alone being in a new country and trying to navigate our welfare and schooling systems. Having different cultural identities could limit my capacity when working with Ruth and Joseph. I need to recognise that refugees have similar social, emotional, spiritual and financial needs to everyone else and be work in a culturally sensitive way. As I am from the Australian culture this is some other subgroup which I have membership. With all the negative media attention surrounding asylum seekers or boat people it has been hard not to form an attitude. My attitude is tha t I believe that I dont understand, and I never will, the desperation that asylum seekers must feel to have to put themselves and their family in such unsafe environments such as a rickety boat from Indonesia just to escape the persecution and fear which they must experience in their own country to have to flee. I know that Ruth and Joseph are Humanitarian Entrants meaning that Ruths sister sponsored them to come and live here but they still were in fear of persecution and subjected to torture and trauma in their own country. As I am citizen of a country that lives in democracy I will never fully understand but my values of respect, honesty andAnother subgroup I am part of is that of a family. I have two children of my own and I know personally that my family is my initial support network. As mentioned, the Dinka culture regards their immediate family as their initial support network also. When working with Ruth and Joseph my values and attitudes towards family support can enhance my capacity with addressing their needs. I feel that it is important to work with the positives of Ruth and Josephs situation and in this case it is their family is together in the one place. Offering some family counselling would allow a safe space for the family to address any issues which have arisen, such as Josephs lack of connectedness with the family. Along with Joseph receiving some therapy in regards to his mental health this would put the family on the path to healing together.Oommen, Brian, Stephen and Komersee (2008, p.6) state that An equally important concept when working in culturally diverse settings is the need for a health professional to fend off their personal biases and judgements about those for whom he or she may be planning health programs. As with so many areas involving values, reflective practice and self-awarenessare central. I need to examine and question the sources and nature of my own power and the ways in which this is exercised in my relations with children and my family. By using reflective practice when working with Ruth and Joseph can help me maintain a level of self-awareness so as to apply my attitudes in an appropriate manner. As there is a domesticated violence issue this could be one of the areas where my value of respect could limit my capacity when working with Ruth and Joseph. I could overcome this limitation by looking for at the all the factors and understanding that the domestic violence is something that is perpetuated from their history as displaced persons and the trauma and torture which they have experienced. Working with a non-judgmental attitude will also help with conflicts such as domestic violence.Conclusion

Exploring the Renaissance in England Essay -- British history, european

During the clock times 1400s and 1500s primarily in Italy, there was an essential diverseness that encompassed any aspects of life. It is called a rebirth. The word renascence means rebirth and it was a response to adversities in middle ages. In Western European history spiritual rebirth or rebirth marks a transition between the times of Medieval and modern era. It is also the beginning of the modern history. Religion is a rife goal in itself and also a set of beliefs that represent the social order but with the beginning of the renaissance, volume started to examine the nature, instead of focused on spectral issues .The church was not the center of attention anymore. With Renaissance there is a concept accrued which is based on human and their feelings, it is encouraged people to explore and be more creative than it used to be. The English renaissance is a cultural and artistic movement in England from the 16th century to the17th century. Renaissance arrived Englan d huge after due to detention of the printing press. Thus, it became an impossible thing to encourage literacy and help to spread new ideas. The other reason of this detention major power be linked with the idea that British people give less importance to their language. The changing of religion that is made by the king is the most material power which shows Renaissance officially affected on England. With this variation, religion no longer ruled their lives. Apparently, that is the reason of why Renaissance arrived in England. When we looking at the cessation as a whole we can easily see that Renaissance embraces a series of differentiation include social, politic and artistic aspects of lives. During the renaissance in England, social life gained numerous advanc... ...ery professional. There was a new sense of fun occurred which was pointed to effect audience.Compared with the previous periods, we see that In Shakespeares time sheath matters turned into more humanistic int erest such as rhetoric logic. Thus, he had a significant effect on expansion of English vocabulary. I would want to conclude this brief essay on life in renaissance to say that, Renaissance became synonymous with the idea of rebirth and it reflected the great changes in politics, society and artistic aspects of live. As a matter of fact, Elizabeth era left a remarkable impression that time in England, it came up with at presents world famous authors, artists, architects and composers. It is inevitable to say that Renaissance period in England reminds all people of the most significant moments around the world in terms of cultural and historical movements. Exploring the Renaissance in England Essay -- British history, european During the times 1400s and 1500s primarily in Italy, there was an essential change that encompassed all aspects of life. It is called a Renaissance. The word renaissance means rebirth and it was a response to adversities in middle ages. In Western European history Renaissance or rebirth marks a transition between the times of Medieval and modern era. It is also the beginning of the modern history. Religion is a dominant culture in itself and also a set of beliefs that represent the social order but with the beginning of the renaissance, people started to examine the nature, instead of focused on religious issues .The church was not the center of attention anymore. With Renaissance there is a concept accrued which is based on human and their feelings, it is encouraged people to explore and be more creative than it used to be. The English renaissance is a cultural and artistic movement in England from the 16th century to the17th century. Renaissance arrived England long after due to detention of the printing press. Thus, it became an impossible thing to encourage literacy and help to spread new ideas. The other reason of this detention might be linked with the idea that British people give less importance to their language. The changing of religion that is made by the king is the most significant occasion which shows Renaissance officially affected on England. With this variation, religion no longer ruled their lives. Apparently, that is the reason of why Renaissance arrived in England. When we looking at the period as a whole we can easily see that Renaissance embraces a series of differentiation include social, politic and artistic aspects of lives. During the renaissance in England, social life gained numerous advanc... ...ery professional. There was a new sense of fun occurred which was pointed to effect audience.Compared with the previous periods, we see that In Shakespeares time subject matters turned into more humanistic interest such as rhetoric logic. Thus, he had a significant effect on expansion of English vocabulary. I would want to conclude this brief essay on life in renaissance to say that, Renaissance became synonymous with the idea of rebirth and it reflected the great changes in politics, society and artistic aspects of live. As a matter of fact, Elizabeth era left a remarkable impression that time in England, it came up with todays world famous authors, artists, architects and composers. It is inevitable to say that Renaissance period in England reminds all people of the most significant moments around the world in terms of cultural and historical movements.

The Korean War Essay -- History War

On 25 June 1950, the Republic of South Korea was invaded by the North Korean Democratic people. Then, many things started to happen and these showed that they became the main significance of the Cold contend that had been going on between the Allies power and the communists, since World War II was over. The invasion by the North Korean communists made President Harry Truman got furious. He looked at the attack as a direct dispute to Americas decisiveness to fight against international communism and to his 1947 Truman Doctrine. As a result, the Korean War broke out, which lasted for about three years. Just like in the Battle of Stalingrad, the Korean War left behind huge impacts and consequences. The Korean War and the Battle of Stalingrad each placed huge strain upon civilian populations, including mass executions, destruction of space and tolls of prisoners or wars.The impacts of Korean War on the civilian population were dramatic, even until now the people can still feel them. It was estimated in the Korean War that the civilian casualties were about three to four million. Many of those people assumed their flight to be a temporary measure they fully expected to riposte to their lands after the fighting ended. So many left not just property and heirlooms, but also close relatives. Even after the signing of cease-fire at Panmunjom, psychological peace is not yet part of the Korean existence. For the Korean War split a land and separated a people. And no armistice can remedy that ill. (calvin.edu). According to Charles J. Hanley, Seoul Government managed to investigate the dark history of mass political executions that were conducted in South Korea and they found evince that proved that Seoul government killed thousands of peo... ...e Community. Defense Technological Information Center, 17 Mar. 2004. Web. 02 Nov. 2010.50 Years and Counting The Impact of the Korean War on the pack of the Peninsula. Calvin College - Distinctively Christian, Academically Exc ellent, Always Reforming. Web. 02 Nov. 2010. July, By Early. Korean War--The North Korean Offensive, 1950. Naval History and Heritage Command. Web. 02 Nov. 2010.South Korea - The Syngman Rhee Era, 1946-60. Country Studies. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.Chapter 7 Prisoners of War. U.S. force Center Of Military History. Apr. 2001. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Communist Treatment of Prisoners of War a Historical Survey, 92nd Congress, 2nd Session, 1972. Ed. James O. Eastland. S. Rept. 1972. Print.Hanley, Charles J., and Jae-Soon Chang. JapanFocus. JapanFocus. Dec. 2008. Web. 13 Nov. 2010.