What is a myth Essay Example for Free

What is a story EssayIt is a conventional floor based on ancient beliefs of disparate communities and having supernatural explanations of facts or natural pheno custodya. The ro servicemanceical story is related to religious beliefs, for that reason, has a ritual character, ie presents invariable elements and is distinguished by its durability. The purpose of apologue is non to entertain, as with the story, but to excuse the meaning of demeanor. So there be certain(prenominal) subjects such(prenominal) as the gunstock of man and the universe, which are treated in the apologues of all cultures. The myth responds to a incident way of seeing the world and to explain the phenomena that exist in it.Un comparable science, which gives rational and logical explanations to these phenomena, the myth gives explanations mgicas and mostwhat angry. For this reason, events occur absurd myths, magic solutions exist and appear fabulous characters. The fact that different communit ies have similar concerns led to the creation of myths about the same phenomena in different cultures. In the myth of Phaeton these aspects are reflected in the following manner Phenomenon The base of deserts and of the black race. Made fantastic Phaeton driving the chariot of the sun to prove its divine origin. Universality The phenomenon, how it is explained and the characters are repeated with most different characteristics in myths of other communities. Classification of myths beind coded contents Cosmogenic explain the creation of the world. Theogonic explain the origin of the gods. Antropognicos explain the appearance of man Etiological explain governmental, religious and fond. Morales Explain ethical principles opposites like proper and evil, angels and demons.Features According to Mircea Eliade, myth is a sacred story that chronicles an event that happened during primeval time, in which the world had not yet stood. The events of the periodically recurring nature are explained as a result of the events narrated in the myth (for example, in Greek mythology the cycle of seasons is explained from the abduction of Persephone). However, not all myths refer to a time first overly do-nothing address occurring after the origin, but distinguished by their importance and the changes they brought.In the view of Claude Levi-Strauss, structuralist anthropologist, all(prenominal) myth has trio characteristics This is an existential question concerning the creation of the earth, death, induce and the like. consists of irreconcilable opposites creation vs destruction, life against death, gods against men or good vs. evil. provides the reconciliation of these poles in order to avert our anguish. For its part, the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski argued that no important aspect of life that is alien to the myth. Therefore, there are religious myths (such as the birth of the gods), politicians (such as the design of Rome) or on particular issues (why c orn became the main food of a people, as with the pre-Hispanic peoples of Mexico ). For Malinowski fundamental myths are narratives, while responding to the prefatory questions of human existence reason to exist, because of what surrounds it, among otras.Malinowski as well clarified that the myth of the order of beliefs and if it is an explanation, not a rational explanation, but cultural.Function of MythFunctions are multiple myths. However, in general, can accept three essential functions explanatory and pragmatic meaning. The explanatory function refers to the myths explain, justify or develop the origin, purpose and because of some aspect of social or individual, for example, the Greek myth that tells how the world originated from Chaos or Genesis that says the birth of the woman from the rib of a man. The pragmatic function of myth implies that myths are the basis of certain social structures and actions as well, a myth can make a genealogical line and determine who can gov ern or not. With this feature, specify and justify myths why a situation is in a certain way and not another. The consumption of meaning refers to that myths are not just stories that provide explanations or governmental justifications also provide a comfort, calm life goal or individuals, so it is with myths that speak of death, wretched or victory therefore, the myths are stories away from the person, but function as a handle existential, a motive, according to the American psychoanalyst, Rollo May. The three functions are usually combined steadily.Types of MythsWe distinguish several kinds of myths cosmogonic myths cause to explain the creation of the world. Are the most universally widespread and there is a greater amount. Often, lies the origin of the earth in a primordial ocean. Sometimes, a race of giants, like the Titans, plays a crucial role in this creation, in this case, such giants, which are usually demigods, are the first people on earth. Myths theogonic tell the origin of the gods. For example, Athena comes armed from the head of Zeus. anthropogenic Myths narrating the appearance of human beings, who can be stoold from whatsoever material, alive (a plant, an animal) or inert (dust, mud, clay, etc..). The gods taught to live on earth. Usually linked to the cosmogonic myths. Myths etiological explain the origin of beings, things, techniques and institutions. moral Myths explain the existence of good and evil. Foundational Myths tell how the cities were founded by the will of the gods. An example is the founding of Rome by two twins, Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf. Myths eschatological announce the future, the contain of the world. They until now have wide audience. These myths include two major classes, depending on the element that causes the destruction of the world peeing or fire. They are practically linked to astrology. The imminent end is announced by a high frequency of eclipses, earthquakes, and all sort s of natural disasters that terrorize humans. The classic example is the Apocalypse, considered as such by Bertrand Russell.1 variant literal, allegorical and symbolicWhile myths appear to have been originally proposed as literally true stories, the dialectical between the worlds mythical explanation and philosophical and scientific development has favored non-literal readings of myth, according to which they should not be subject to belief, but redeation. Thus the allegorical reading of myths, born in Greece in the Hellenistic period, proposes to interpret the gods as personifications of natural elements. This commitment finds its continuation in later theories, such as widespread in the nineteenth century by Max Mller, whereby myths stories stem from misunderstood about the sun, which has been personified, becoming an anthropomorphous (the hero or sun god).Reading symbolic believes the myth contains accurate content, but not on what is apparently, but on the mental contents of its creators and users. Thus, the myth about a god instituted the week to create the world in seven days contains truthful about how society divided the time it was created and which divisions between the inanimate and the animate, the different types of animals and man etc.. Myths also contain useful guidelines for behavior role models or reduce all known stories with which to relate individual experiences. Modern studies on the myth fall into three elementary positions the functionalist, developed by the anthropologist Malinowski examines what myths are used in everyday life (behavior reinforcement, argument from authority, etc.). structuralist, initiated by Levi-Strauss, examines the expression of myths locating contrary or complementary elements that appear in it and how they are related the symbolism, which has classical references in Jung, Bachelard and Gilbert Durand, believes that the key element of the myth is a symbol, a tangible item but practiced of resonance or si gnificance that refers to archetypal contents of the human psyche. (An example is the Child archetype Elder, opposed figure who appears as a character in appearance or behavior longtime child-like pigeon hawk or a baby or child who is capable of speaking and endowed with vast knowledge, typical of an old-the baby Jesus lecturing to doctors.) Difference between myth and other storiesOften myth is often confused with other types of stories as tales, fables and legends. However, are not equal. There are several differences between myth and folk tale while the stories are presented as fictions, myths are presented as true stories. Function also varies the myth is essentially etiological (clear how they came to a certain situation, why the sea is salty or man is mortal, for example), while the values transmitted folktale (better skill than strength, good always has its reward, the impostor is always open, etc..).In addition, the plot of the stories is usually simple, while myths are pa rt of a complex, in which each story is connected with the other by recurrent characters, places, etc.. (So, for example, the story of Jason is related to myths about Heracles, as this is one of the Argonauts). The fables myths differ from the characters (those fables are animals human conduct the myths, gods, heroes and monsters) and by function (fables contain a moral message, which usually appears at the end collected of them as moral, while myths are etiological).As for the legends, are presented, as well as myths, like true stories and often have a causal role (used, for example, to explain how a lineage came to power, which underpins its political legitimacy), but Unlike myths, happening in real time, historic places recognized by the listener or reader, and often with real actors (cf. the legends of Charlemagne or El Cid). The same pattern may appear in a myth, a story or legend, depending on how you present the story (true or fictional) and what your role (etiological, educ ational, entertainment ). Thus, remark how the plot of the Oedipus myth reappears in the medieval legend of Judas Iscariot makes a murderer of his father who marries without knowing his mother.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically limited Foods EssayIn the world, many people argon not getting the balanced amount of nutrition-needed daily. in that location argon many vitamin deficiencies that displace lead to illnesses, malnutrition, and death. However, biotechnology has made this pandemic decrease through genetically modified aliments. Many people think that these pabulums be unwellnessy for people, and they are harmful. They think that this type of food is untraditional. I believe that genetically modified foods are good for countries that have high malnutrition rates. They are likewise good to protagonist preserve food against swearwordicides. The purpose of this essay is to show how genetically modified foods are good for countries with malnutrition.Genetically modified foods are food that has received a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid or genes from another organism through biotechnology engineering. Biotechnology is the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and othe r purposes, specially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, and etc. The most commonly known genetically modified food is golden rice. Golden rice is engineered to contain a high amount of vitamin A to improve the health of unskilled laborers in undeveloped countries. Golden rice is mainly used in Asian countries or countries whose staple food is rice.Originally, rice doesnt have a high amount of vitamin A, and in those countries thither are high amounts of deficiency in Vitamin A. Vitamin A plays a significant role for healthy vision, well bones, supple skin, normal cell regeneration, reproduction, and helps the immune system fend off infections. A deficiency in Vitamin A can result in optic diseases such as Nyctalopia (night blindness), Xerophthalmia (dry eye syndrome) , and/or total blindness. Golden rice is enhanced with multiple DNA, including DNA from daffodils. Also, this rice has a higher amount of beta-carotene. In my op inion, golden rice is good for undeveloped countries whose staple is rice because this rice contains DNA from another plant. Therefore, it doesnt have a lot of chemicals that could eventually be harmful to peoples body.There are more foods that are genetically modified such as corn, potatoes, soybeans, squash, canola, flax, and tomatoes. Corn and potatoes are modified with a gene to produce an endotoxin. An endotoxin is a toxic substance produced and stored within the plant tissue. This endotoxin protects these vegetables from corn-borer pest and the potato beetle. Likewise, soybeans can be modified with a gene from a bacterium to bedevil it weedkiller resistant. A herbicide is a type of pesticide that is used to kill unwanted plants, such as weeds. This can keep vegetables safe from harmful insects. These insects can destroy or make the vegetable harmful for digestion. slightly people may say that genetically modified foods are untraditional. However, many foods that are used st raight off are modified. The genes of many plants have been modified so much over the years that they are engraft into the DNA of the plant. Cross breeding was the first forms of modifying food through genetics. Since cross breeding was discovered, it was a king-size part of agricultural processes. Therefore, many vegetables, whether organic or not, have been modified somewhere down the biography line of that vegetable.In conclusion, many people feel that genetically modified foods are not a traditional or healthy way to eat. However, genetically modified foods can help undeveloped countries fabricate healthier and prevent some vitamin deficiencies, such as Vitamin A deficiency. Many vegetables are modified to help prevent them from their common pest and enemy-like plants. Also, throughout the years many plants have undergone minor genetic changes. These changes are used in vegetables today to help make them healthier and keep them fresher longer. This can make the world a healt hier and better place.

Population of Bird in Acacia Mangium Proposal

Population of darn in Acacia Mangium ProposalBIRD POPULATION IN cardinal YEARS OLD OF Acacia Mangium PLANTATION IN SABAHLEE WOONJAH1.0 Introduction1.1 Background of Study fizzle is a class of animals that live in a wide range of purlieus, from the tropic regions to the polar region. Them consists over 10,000 species (Betz Parr, n.d.). separately species of fizzle has a restricted range of size from small to large because the wing size of raspberrys is vary. In tropical region, wenchs play roles as pest controller or pollinator to forms and animals. In Borneo, thither argon 643 species of shities record. (Wong, 2012). However, bird species found in natural woodwind and orchard argon different.Many tropical forests lease been born-again into woodlet or agriculture due to the demand of raw materials. According to FAO (XX), many private sectors be involve in forest woodlet plan such as Sabah Forest Industries (SFI), Sabah Softwoods (SS), Sabah Forest discussion section Authority (SAFODA) and other companies. Those companies are established fast growing head species in forest plantation playing field. Tree species planted are generally exotic such as Acacia mangium, Paraserianthes falcataria and Tectona grandis. The reason for plant exotic species is provide sustainable supply of wood materials for its industrial uses in short periods.To ensure the sustainable wood material supply, fast growing species of trees are recommended to the industrial plantation. Acacia mangium is a species that contribute for the wood end product in Malaysia. A. mangium has been planted widely in East Malaysia for the wood based industry. (Adam et al, n.d.) This species of tree is well develops in Sabah because of its desirable properties which is rapid growth, good wood quality and tolerance to poor soil condition. (Krisnawati et al., 2011) Acacia mangium is line of descentates from the humid tropical forest of north-eastern Australia. The tree species was successf ul introduced to Sabah in the mid of 1960s. (Krisnawati et al., 2011) This fast growing species heap produce to a greater extent raw materials for the industrial uses in a shorter period.However, conversion of natural forest to plantation or plain will influence the habitat of bird. In forest plantation, the food resources may decrease or snare and excessively influence the place for nesting. As such, the relationship betwixt species of bird and its commonwealth is important to be investigated.1.2 Problem Statement birds consist of different composition base on its attribute and alignation to forest plantation. Bird can be biological controller and pollinator. For example, biological pest control is more than fitted for control of pest compare to chemical in order to ensure the quality of trees. However, bird people is different in many types of forest. The reason is for the most part the development of land under the plantation cooking. The land-use planning confines th e ve returnation such as monoculture. Vegetation in primary forest is dense and richer consequently forest plantation. Therefore, bird species is more diverse and the population of bird is higher.Birds are migrates from one place to other place due to vary reason. The most common reason is environment change. Food resources are not diverse as primary forest. Mostly forest plantation is undergoes monoculture plant method. Tree species for plantation in Sabah are generally fast growing species such as Acacia mangium, eucalyptus tree deglupta, Tectona grandis and others species. Clear felling ahead establish plantation can cause bird population decrease dramatically. The reason is no adequate place for nesting and feeding.On the other hand, this type of research is seldom done in forest plantation. However, there are some researches done in Sabah Softwoods (SS) but not yet done in SFI. The old study is not focus on bird population in forest plantation. The study of bird populati on requires to updates constantly due to the global changing. Therefore, this comparison is important to obtain more precise learning with the preceding(prenominal) study.1.3 JustificationBird species in forest plantation remains lack of publishable information for investigate bird population in Sabah. Limitation of data will influence it credibility for future twenty-four hour period plantation planning and concern. Through this research, general bird species will be investigated and evaluate the bird population in Acacia mangium plantation at the age of five year old. This finding of study can chip as the future references for the occurrence and assemblage of bird species in forest plantation.1.4 ObjectivesTo investigate the population of bird in Acacia mangium of eight days old.To compare the bird diversity in forest plantation with the previous study.1.5 LimitationThere are some limitations in this research. First limitation is weather. Bird observation is usually head s under sunny or cloudy day. Observation normally does not conduct during raining day because birds are hard to locate and the safety factors. Secondly, Timing for bird observation is critical. Bird observation is conduct start from seven oclock at morning until noon. The reason is observer require to go to bed the bird habitats such the duration time for searching food sources.2.0 Literature Review2.1 Definition of BirdBird is an animal that consists of more than 8600 species worldwide. (McDade, 2005) Birds are grouped into the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata and under the class of Aves. (Bird Calssifications/ Families, 2009). All types of birds consist of backbone and hence are grouped into the Chordata Phylum. In the Class Aves, birds can be classify into 23-40 orders.(Bird classification, 2015) The size of birds are vary due to its habitat and also influenced by the environments.Birds hire few characteristics such pair of wings, bill, tails, and feathers to distinguish them with others. Wings are the important recess for birds to fly. Birds, unlike the others animals, are paseo on the ground but mostly they have evolved the capability for flight. Birds have moveable wings but not alike to the fixed wings of aircraft. Their wings are cater by muscles and can soar to the sky rapidly. Some soaring birds like albatross, can fly employ their wings and using air currents as a source of power. (Betz Parr, n.d.). Bird forelimbs have evolved into wings and their mug up are hollow and can decrease their weight. Weight is also an issue that influence their flying capability. For example, twat and national chicken.Feather is one of the unique characteristic of birds and make them difference among living animals. Feathers are make of keratin and adapt to flight. Wings made of feathers are adjustable, which mean the soft down feathers is thermally insulating a bird body. Birds can fly to escape their enemies or nesting at higher place that they enable t o walk to. (McDade, 2005) Feathers are crucial for bird to fly. The contour feathers on the body establish the smooth, streamlined contour of bird body and enlarged the flight feathers. However, feathers also provide a windproof and waterproof covering for birds to prevent them from get cold and maintain their body temperature. In bird behaviour, feathers are an important factor to attract the womanish birds during the courtship and mating. In many species of birds, male birds are generally has brighter color of feathers while female birds have drab feathers. (Aves More on Morphology, n.d.)Bills of bird are different in shapes and colors. diametrical shaped of bills serve different ecological purposes and adapt to the birds feeding habits. For instance, Birds with short thin bills is for insect eater, abundant thin bills can for probing flowers or soft screw up for worms. The bill is allows the birds to pick fruit or food sources from the end of branches. A bird bill is calm of a number of rhamphotheca that is made of keratin.2.2 Definition of Acacia mangiumAcacia mangium also known as Acacia mangium Wild, or called as akasia mangium in Malay, is a type of fastgrowing tree species in plantation programs without the Asia and Pacific. This species of tree is origin from the north-eastern Australia, eastern Indonesia and western Papua New Guinea. (http//ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/134648/2/PR035.pdfpage=157). Krisnawati, Kallio and Kanninen (2011) reported that A. mangium has been widely introduced to many Asia countries and successful introduced to Malaysia in the mid of 1960.A.mangium become one of the major tropical plantation forestry species because of its fast growing capability and cam adapt well in the poor soil condition. (Dhamodaran Chacko, 1999) This tree species can grow rapidly in the acerb soils and degraded localises but it is intolerant to the shade condition, and grows to be stunted. (Krisnawati, Kallio and Kanninen ,2011). Acacia mang ium is a species of tropical lowland climatic partition characteristic and required high total annual rainfall (about 1000- 4500 mm). Tree growth will be slow down if the dry period is prolonged.Acacia mangium generally can grow up to a cover of 25-35 meter with a straight bole and the diameter at breast height (dbh) of over 60cm. (Dhamodaran Chacko, 1999). However, it is idealistic for Acacia mangium tree grow until 60cm of dbh because it is time consuming and growth of tree will declines rapidly after seven or eight years and except under very ideal conditions over a long periods. (Dhamodaran Chacko, 1999). A. mangium tree height can increase up to 10-15m in the first two to three years and increases dramatically up to 25 m at about 5 years.Acacia mangium wood has potential be the raw material for pulp and paper, furniture, woodchips and others wood products. Its leaves can serve as the forage for livestock or decomposes be the soil fertilizer. Besides that, Acacia mangium sa wdust can provide the substrate for the edible mushroom. (Lemmens etal, 1995) However, this tree species also profitable for improve soil fertility. They can maintain the percentage of nitrogen and increase the soil biological activity. This tree is suitable to plant at the areas that heavily infested by weeds and it have the ability to overcome the disputation from weeds such as Immperata grass. (Dhamodaran Chacko, 1999)2.3 Biodiversity in Forest PlantationForest plantation is covered more than 80 percent globally and Asia region is covered about 116 hectares (62 percent) in 2000. Forest plantation delimit as forest stands established by planting in the afforestation or reforestation process. However, forest plantation area is establishes rapidly worldwide due to the demand of wood material. This trend has become loss of biodiversity oddly for developing countries.Vegetation in primary forest is dense thanIn Sabah, forest plantation is mostly developed by state government dur ing 1970an. Biodiversity in Malaysia is vary among the world. For example, there are more than 220 species of birds in the primary jungle of Malaysia. (Phillipps Phillipps, 2014) The index of biodiversity is changing based on the land use planning. Biodiversity is different between different types of forest as such as primary forest, secondary forest and plantation the three estates.Birds are migrates from one place to another place due to vary reason. The most common reason is environment change. Food resources are not diverse as primary forest. Mostly forest plantation is undergoes monoculture planting method. Tree species for plantation in Sabah are generally fast growing species such as Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta, Tectona grandis and others species. Clear felling before establish plantation can cause bird population decline dramatically. The reason is no suitable place for nesting and food searching.3.0 Methodology3.1 Location of StudyThe study site for this research is the eight years old Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah Forest Industries (SFI). Sabah Forest Industries (SFI) is located Sepitang, Sabah (Coordinates 5144N 1153123E) and at the southwestern of Sabah state. This company is manages about 288138 hectares of forest estates that consist of natural forest management (NFM) area and industrial tree plantation. The total area for NFM area is 104822 hectares and industrial tree plantation area are consist by titled land (11845 hectares) and non-titled land (171471 hectares). This company was operated since 1987. Currently, SFI is own by Ballarpur Industries peculiar(a) which is a part of Avantha Group of companies.Geographical locationMapTopography at sfiHistorical of sfi and size of plantationSFI is the only one integrated pulp and paper manufacturer and is one of timber growers and wood processors in Malaysia. In SFI, consist of saw mill, veneer and plywood factory and pulp and paper manufacturing facilities.Market for SFI take ons the domestic and international market of writing paper and market pulp. Wood material of SFI is harvest from forest estate that included NFM area and plantation.3.2 MethodsI will use transect survey to conduct this research. Transect is situated in Acacia mangium plantation. apiece transect is 500m long and consist of 10 points. Each point is 50m apart. Observer obtains the incident data by bird sighting. I use incident observation as the method to observe bird in plantation. Observations are made using 3060 binocular. (Mohammad et al. 2011). Binocular is equipment that used to observe the bird species and its characteristics.After observation, the bird characteristic is sketched and recorded in sketch watchword. The incident data is recorded including the date, time, location and morphology of bird species. The bird species are then identified using Wong (2012).3.3 Data AnalysisAfter all data is collect, I identify each species of bird according to their morphology. The data is then analysis by using Shannon Index.4.0 Expected sequelThe species of bird is expected to have babbler, fantail, flowerpecker and spiderhunter at five years old A. mangium plantation. The reason is they are primarily insectivores species. Acacia mangium trees will produces seed pods once a year and this can attract some bird to forage in the plantation.5.0 BudgetBinocular is the essential item for bird observing and it cost RM 30 which brought through website. There are two references books needed in this research. Birds of Borneo is a references book for identify bird hap the data that recorded in the sketch book. This book is written by Wong Tsu Shi and published by flush toilet Beaufoy print Limited. This book cost RM 49.40. Another references book is Phillipps field guide to the Birds of Borneo written by Quentin Phillipps and Karen Philipps. This book is cost RM 79.20 and its function is same as the book Bird of Borneo. Besides that, budget for the documentation is more or l ess RM 200.00 including five copies laser jet printing, photocopy, binding and expenses for stationary. I also budget about RM 150.00 for transportation fees that include the fees for field trip to collect data. Furthermore, budget for food sources requires to considerate during fieldtrip. So, food sources budget is given around RM 350.00 for 30 days fieldwork. The total up of all expenses in this research is about RM 808.60.6.0 Work enrolmentReferencesAves More on Morphology. (n.d.) Retrieve from http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/birdmm.html. 11Jan 1996Bird Classification. (2015). NewMedia Holdings,Inc. Retrieve from http//www.birds.com/species/classifications/. 22 feb 2015Bird Classifications/ Families. (2009) Nutty Birdwatcher. Retrieve from http//www.birdnature.com/borderintro.html 1 Dec 2009Wooff, W.G. 2012. Sabah Forest Industries. http//www.avanthagroup.com/downloads/Sabah-Forest-Industries-Sdn-Bhd.pdf. 1 Nov 2011Adam, N. S., Jusoh, I., Ishak, N. D. 2012. Growth Ch aracteristics of Acacia mangium Plantation in Sarawak. worldwide Plantation Industry Conference Exhibition. September 4-9, 2012. Kota Kinabalu Sabah.Betz,J. Parr, C. (n.d.) Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieve from http//education.eol.org/resources/topics/birds.pdfDhamodaran. T.K. Chacko, K.C. 1999. Growth and wood characteristics of Acacia mangium growth in Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Institute. Retrieve from http//docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR174.pdfKrisnawati, H., Kallio, M., Kanninen, M. 2011. Acacia mangium Wild.ecology, silviculture and productivity. Indonesia Center for International Forestry Research.Lemmens, R. H. M. J., Soerianegara, I., Wong, W. C. 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). tincture trees minor commercial timbers. London Backhuys Publishers.Mead, D. J., Miller, R. R. (1991, February). The establishment and tending of Acacia mangium. InACIAR Proc vol. 35, pp. 116-122.Styring, A.R., Ragai, R.,Unggang, J., Stuebing, R., Hosner, P.A., Sheldon, F.H. 2011. Bird community assembly in Bornean industrial tree plantations Effect of forest age and structure. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 531-544.Wong, T.S. 2011. Birds of Borneo. United Kingdom John Beaufoy Publishing Limited.McDade, M.C. 2005. Grzimeks student animal life resource, Birds. Canada Thomson Gale.Phillipps, Q. Phillipps, K. 2014. Phillipps field guide to the birds of Borneo. United Kingdoms John Beaufoy Publishing.Krishnapillay, D.K. 1998. Edited by Varmola. M. Case study of the tropical forest plantations in Malaysia.http//ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/134648/2/PR035.pdfpage=1571